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Unit 6: Valuation and Pricing of Options




              The real value is the value that is possible to  ‘touch’. Conversely the time value is the  Notes
               value of the possibility that good news will occur during the time to maturity in order for
               an option to have a real value on the expiry day.
              Put-call is nothing but a relationship that must exist between the prices of European put
               and call options having same underlying assets, strike price and expiration date.

              The price of an option contract is that amount which is paid by the option buyer to the
               option seller. This is otherwise, known as option premium.
              The different factors or determinants which effect option prices are Current Stock Price,
               Exercise Price, Volatility, Risk free Interest Rates, Cash Dividends and Time to Expiration.
          ·   To better understand the significance and option pricing techniques, we have to go through
               two important models of option valuation like Black-Scholes model and Binomial model.
              This unit also discusses at large the Put-Call parity under the ‘with dividend’ and ‘no
               dividend’ model.

              Put-call parity is a classic application of arbitrage-based pricing – it does not instruct us on
               how to price either put or call options, but it gives us an iron law linking the two prices.

              The put-call parity states  that the difference in price between  a call-option and a  put-
               option with the same terms should equal the price of the underlying asset less the present
               discounted value of the exercise price.

              In finance, the binomial options pricing model provides a generalisable numerical method
               for the valuation of options.
              The binomial model was first proposed by Cox, Ross and Rubinstein (1979).

              The Black-Scholes model, often simply called Black-Scholes, is a model  of the varying
               price over time of financial instruments, and in particular stock options.

          6.6 Keywords

          American-style option: An American-style option is an option that may be exercised at any time
          during the life of the option.
          Intrinsic value: The intrinsic value of a call option is that amount by which stock price exceeds
          the strike price, whenever the option is in-the-money.
          Option price: The price of an option contract is that amount which is paid by the option buyer to
          the option seller.
          Pari options:  Options where the strike price and stock price corresponds are ‘at-the-money’ and
          are called pari options.

          Put-call parity: Put-call parity is a classic application of arbitrage-based pricing – it does not
          instruct us on how to price either put or call options, but it gives us an iron law linking the two
          prices.

          Real Value: The real value is the value that is possible to ‘touch’.
          Time Value: The time value is the value of the possibility that good news will occur during the
          time to maturity in order for an option to have a real value on the expiry day.

          Volatility: The volatility of a stock price  represents  the  uncertainty attached to  its future
          movement.






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