Page 130 - DCAP310_INTRODUCTION_TO_ARTIFICIAL_INTELLIGENCE_AND_EXPERT_SYSTEMS

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence & Expert Systems

Notes Propositional logic is a formal system in mathematics and logic. Other names for the
system are propositional calculus and sentential calculus.

Reason maintenance is a knowledge representation approach to efficient handling of
inferred information that is explicitly stored.
Symbolic Logic is designed to cultivate research on the borders of logic, philosophy, and
the sciences, and to support substantive interactions between these disciplines.

The clausal normal form (or clause normal form, conjunctive normal form, CNF) of a
logical formula is used in logic programming and many theorem proving systems.

6.15 Keywords

Chomsky-type Grammars: Within the field of computer science, specifically in the area of formal
languages, the Chomsky hierarchy (occasionally referred to as Chomsky – Schützenberger
hierarchy) is a containment hierarchy of classes of formal grammars.
Disjunctions: Logical disjunction is an operation on two logical values, typically the values of
two propositions, that produces a value of false if and only if both of its operands are false. More
generally a disjunction is a logical formula that can have one or more literals separated only by
ORs. A single literal is often considered to be a degenerate disjunction.
Domain: The term domain can refer either to a local sub-network or to descriptors for sites on
the Internet.

Inference Engine: In computer science, and specifically the branches of knowledge engineering
and artificial intelligence, an inference engine is a computer program that tries to derive answers
from a knowledge base. It is the “brain” that expert systems use to reason about the information
in the knowledge base for the ultimate purpose of formulating new conclusions.
Non-classical Logics: A non-classical logic (and sometimes alternative logics) is the name given
to formal systems which differ in a significant way from standard logical systems such as
propositional and predicate logic
Topology: The physical topology of a network refers to the configuration of cables, computers,
and other peripherals.

6.16 Review Questions

1. Explain syntax logic with an example.
2. Define FOL.
3. What is the purpose of well-formed formula (WFF)?

4. Describe the clausal normal form and its conversion.
5. Write the inference rule. Explain each rule.
6. Explain the resolution logic with an example.
7. Write few lines on truth maintenance system.
8. Describe the purpose of circumscription logic.
9. Why does the point wise circumscription use?
10. Explain Fuzzy Logic with an example.

11. Enumerate NLP with an example.
12. Draw a Fuzzy Logic Transition Diagram.

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