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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence & Expert Systems
Notes 7.3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of D – S Theory
Five general advantages are as follows:
Goal-based evaluation
Goal-free evaluation
Responsive evaluation
Systems evaluation
Professional review
Advantage
The difficult problem of specifying priors can be avoided
In addition to uncertainty, also ignorance can be expressed
It is straightforward to express pieces of evidence with different levels of abstraction
Dempster’s combination rule can be used to combine pieces of evidence
Self Assessment
State whether the following statements are true or false:
9. Experimental comparisons between D – S theory and probability theory seldom done and
rather difficult to do.
10. Opinions of trusted or elite individuals may themselves become a heuristic.
11. Heuristics used when forming opinions can also be ideologically based.
12. The public do not rely on specific heuristics to form opinions about science and science
news.
7.4 Heuristic Reasoning Methods
Heuristic refers to experience-based techniques for problem solving, learning, and discovery
that give a solution which is not guaranteed to be optimal. Where the exhaustive search is
impractical, heuristic methods are used to speed up the process of finding a satisfactory solution
via mental shortcuts to ease the cognitive load of making a decision. Examples of this method
include using a rule of thumb, an educated guess, an intuitive judgment, stereotyping, or common
sense.
Notes In more precise terms, heuristics are strategies using readily accessible, though
loosely applicable, information to control problem solving in human beings and machines.
Heuristics were also found to be used in the manipulation and creation of cognitive maps.
Cognitive maps are internal representations of our physical environment, particularly associated
with spacial relationships. These internal representations of our environment are used as memory
as a guide in our external environment. It was found that when questioned about maps imaging,
distancing, and etc., people commonly made distortions to images. These distortions took shape
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