Page 41 - DENG401_Advance Communication Skills

Advanced Communication Skills

Notes 10. While
11. Whereas
12. Unlike

Example: But is more informal than however. It is not normally used at the beginning
of a sentence.

”He works hard, but he doesn’t earn much.”
”He works hard. However, he doesn’t earn much.”
Although, despite and in spite of introduce an idea of contrast. With these words, you must have
two halves of a sentence.
To compare ideas
1. Similarly
2. Likewise

3. Also
4. Like
5. Just as
6. Just like

7. Similar to
8. Same as
9. Compare
10. compare(d) to / with

11. Not only...but also
12. Both

1.5 Intonation

In linguistics, intonation is variation of pitch while speaking which is not used to distinguish
words. (Compare tone.) Intonation and stress are two main elements of linguistic prosody.
All languages use pitch semantically, that is, as intonation, for instance for emphasis, to convey
surprise or irony, or to pose a question. Tonal languages such as Chinese and Hausa use pitch to
distinguish words in addition to intonation.
Rising intonation means the pitch of the voice increases over time; falling intonation means that the
pitch decreases with time. A dipping intonation falls and then rises, whereas a peaking intonation
rises and then falls.

The classic example of intonation is the question-statement distinction. For example, northeastern
American English, like very many languages (Hirst & DiCristo, eds. 1998), has a rising intonation
for echo or declarative questions (He found it on the street?), and a falling intonation for wh-
questions (Where did he find it?) and statements (He found it on the street.). ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ questions
(Did he find it on the street?) often have a rising end, but not always. Some languages like Chickasaw
and Kalaallisut have the opposite pattern: rising for statements and falling with questions.

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