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Unit 1: Internet Fundamentals

1972: e-mail was invented by accident, when two programmers at BBN decided to send 1971 each Notes
other messages, not merely transfer files. Ray Tomlinson (BBN is credited with, using the
ARPANET to place the world’s first e-mail message in 1973).
1973-74: In the mid-1970s, the Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) was
developed by Vint Cerf to link different packet networks. The purpose of TCP/IP was to connect
different networks (copper wire, radio, microwave) and still enable the host computers to talk
to each other coherently. TCP/IP is capable of connecting multiple independent networks through
routers (or gateways).
1975: In July 1975 ARPA transferred management of ARPANET and Network Measurement
Center from BBN and UCLA to the Defense Communications Agency (DCA; now called Defense
Information Systems Agency). It was expected that direct experience with packet switching by
DCA would ultimately be of wider benefit to the Department of Defense.

1978: The U.S. government decreed that TCP/IP be the preferred way to send information 1978?
from one computer to another. This caused computer vendors to wake up and realize that TCP/
IP is here to stay.

1980: DARPA funded the development of Berkeley UNIX. TCP/IP was made part of the 1980
operating system. The government had considered buying AT&T UNIX but felt that it didn’t
have enough features, primarily TCP/IP.
1983: Transition from the original ARPANET protocol, the Network Communication Protocol
(NCP), to TCP. At this time only a few hundred host computers were on the nascent Internet.
1980-86: From 1980 to 1986, NSF supported the development of CSNET, a computer science
research network. CSNET was a network of networks, one component of which used the TCP
protocols over an X.25 public data network showing the power of a 1980.86 layered architecture.
CSNET also included the ARPANET and PHONENET, a telephone-based electronic mail relaying
system. By 1985, CSNET had links to over 170 university, industrial, and government research
organizations and numerous gateways to networks in other countries.
1982-86: In 1982 a report, “Large Scale Computing in Science and Engineering”, recommended
the establishment of NSF-funded supercomputing centers as well as a high-speed network to
connect them. These centers would offer an opportunity to make progress in science and
engineering research. By the year 1985, NSF announced five awards, and by 1986 the Cornell
Theory Center, the Illinois National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), the
Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, the San Diego Supercomputer Center, and the Princeton
John von Neumann Center were up and running.
1986: NSF initiated a new program of networking and computer support for supercomputing
centers to be used by researchers. This program began with a memorandum of understanding
with ARPA to allow NSF-funded supercomputer centers and selected researchers to use the
ARPANET. Believing that ARPANET was I not suitable, NSF instituted the NSF Connections
program in 1986 to broaden the base of network users with their own computer facilities and
eventually to help universities achieve access to supercomputers (by supplying hardware and
telecommunications lines for direct, point-to-point connections). In 1986, it launched the NSFNET
network backbone program.
1987: CSNET merged with BITNET, a worldwide network connecting IBM mainframes that was
initiated in 1980-81. CSNET operations were continued under the Corporation for Research and
Education Networking (CREN), whose operating costs were completely covered by member
organizations’ dues.

1987: After significant congestion was experienced in 1987, the backbone was upgraded from 56
kbps to TI service (1.5 Mbps) and became operational in 1988.

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