Page 195 - DCAP506_ARTIFICIAL_INTELLIGENCE

Unit 13: Expert Systems and its Architecture

misleading or impossible. In most social phenomena there is no continuous function that can Notes
adequately describe the important qualitative relationships.

Example: As an example consider income and education. These are variables that are
often given a quantitative definition in social research. They are relatively easy to define, and
people generally measure income in currency, education in years. But they often assume linearity
and usually there will be a good correlation between them. But it will not be a perfect correlation,
as one unit change in the independent variable will not result in some regular linear unit change
in the dependent variable. Now this is not terribly shocking, since people do not expect that all
the variation in one variable is to be explained by the other, but there is benefit in understanding
the relationship between the variables by breaking the relationship into stages, and examining
the conditions for moving from one stage to the next. For instance, in the USA 11 years of
education is minimally better than 10 years, but 12 years is far better than 11. This is because of
the local structure of American education: 11 years is pregraduation, and 12 years is post-
graduation. The graduating student has a qualitatively changed educational status, the pre-
graduating student has not significantly changed status. This type of analysis helps to give a
better account of interactions.

Self Assessment

Fill in the blanks:
14. The description of knowledge is quite vague and imprecise, and includes a great deal of
....................... .

15. ....................... can be defined as identifying qualitative structures, identifying the states of
those qualitative structures, and the pattern of changes (transformations) in those states.

13.9 Speech Recognition

Automatic speech recognition is the course by which a computer plots an auditory speech signal
to text. Automatic speech perceptive is the process by which a computer plots an auditory speech
signal to some form of conceptual meaning of the speech. Speech synthesis is the job of converting
written input to spoken output. The input can either be offered in a graphemic/orthographic or
a phonemic script, based on its source. As a result of its reliance on phonology, linguistics, signal
processing, statistics, computer science, acoustics, connectionist networks, psychology and other
fields, there are numerous technologies included in speech technology.

Self Assessment

Fill in the blanks:
16. Automatic ....................... perceptive is the process by which a computer plots an auditory
speech signal to some form of conceptual meaning of the speech.

17. ....................... is the job of converting written input to spoken output.
13.10 Summary

 An expert system is software that attempts to reproduce the performance of one or more
human experts, most commonly in a specific problem domain, and is a traditional
application and/or subfield of artificial intelligence.

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