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e\L-lovely-eng\comm8-1.pmd IInd 16-9-11 IIIrd 22-12-11 IVth 4-1-12

Information and Communication Technology Applications

The user need of better advancement and application leads to the development of different categories
Notes of languages. These categories have different aspects and area of applications. If may be possible
that a language belongs to one category car fulfill the needs of application that can also be fulfilled
by the language of other category. This feature of languages provids a better choice of a language
for a better application. We have shown some major differences in three major types of languages in
Table 8.1.

Table 8.1: Comparison of High Level, Assembly, Machine Level Languages

High Level Assembly Machine Level
Language (HLL) Language (AL) Language (MLL)
Program developed in Programs are less understandable Programs are less understand-
HLL are most than HLL but more than MLL. able.
understandable.
Program are portable Not portable, portable to Not portable, portable to
processor of the same machine of the same architecture
architectures only. only.
Debugging is easier Debugging is more complex than Debugging is most difficult.
HLL.
Most suited for software Not good for large programs. Difficult to write large programs.
development.
Programs are not Programs are machine dependent. Programs are machine dependent.
machine dependent.

Provides flexible Does not provide flexible Not good.
construct for program construct for development.
development.
Programs are translated Uses assembler to generate object No translation is required.
using compiler and code.
interpreter to generate
object code.
Processing the slow since Processing is slow since Processing is fast since no
translation is required. translation is required. translation is required.

8.5 History of Programming Languages

Let us have a glance on various domains of programming languages.
(i) Numerically Based Languages
Early computer technology dates from the era just before World War II in the late 1930s to early
1940s
• A-0 language- in early 1950 (Grace Hopper).
• FORTRAN by Backus in 1955.

FORTRAN II (1958), FORTRAN IV-rename as FORTRAN 66 (1966)-FORTRAN-
77. FORTRAN 90.
• IAL (International Algorithmic Language) by Peter Naur later named as ALGOL 58 Jules
Own version of IAL or JOVIAL.

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