Page 76 - DLIS108_INFORMATION_AND_COMMUNICATION_TECHNOLOGY_APPLICATIONS

VED1
e\L-lovely-eng\comm8-1.pmd IInd 16-9-11 IIIrd 22-12-11 IVth 4-1-12

Unit 8: Programming Language: Types and Functions

• BACKUS-editor of ALGOL.
• Simula 67-by Nygaard and Dahl of Norway introduced concept of classes to ALGOL. Notes
• ALGOL-W-by writhe in mid 1960.
• Pascal by writhe 1968–70.
NPL (New PL)-1963 → MMPL (Multi-purpose PL) → PL/I-merged numerical attributes of
FORTRAN with Business programming features of COBOL.
(ii) Business Languages
Business data processing was an early application area to develop after numerical calculation.
• FLOWMATIC by grace Hopper in 1955.
• Common Business Language (CBL).
• COBOL-1960-61-62-68-74-84.
(iii) Artificial Intelligence Languages
The development lead the man to the introduction of intelligence in computers and thus some AI
languages developed.
• IPL (Information Processing Language) by rand crop in 1950 → IPL-V.
• LISP (List Processing) by Johan Mc earthy of MIT.
• COMIT by yngve of MIT (Automatic a long for M/C translation) SNOBOL PROLOG.
(iv) Systems Language
The requirement was for reliable and efficient systems to work with and this lead to the effective
maintenance of these systems which gave birth to systems languages.
• BCPL, CPL, JOVIAL.
(v) Publishing Language
• TEX processing system.
• TEX translator produces a program in the postscript page description language.
(vi) Scripting Languages (SL)
SL is used by putting a list of commands called a script in a file to be executed.
• SH, KSH (by David Koran in 1995).
• GWK by ALAHO, Brain Kernighan 1988.
• TCL by JOHN.
(vii) Fourth Generation Languages (4GL)
The fourth generation languages are referred to as 4GL. The 4GL’s are the shorthand programming
languages. Any operation that requires hundred of lines of code in a third generation languages
such as COBOL requires only fewer code lines in a 4GLs. some of its features are:
• Their prior generations were procedural and they are basically non procedural.
• It is easy ad fast.
• User just has to tell what is required rather than the way to get it.
• The productivity is the key characteristic of 4GLs. 4GLs can improve productivity by a factor
of 5 to 50. An average improvement factor has come out to be 10. This means that a program-
mer can be ten times more productive if working in 4GLs rather than third generation lan-
guage.
• Most 4GLs languages are used to retrieve the information from file and databases.

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 71