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jktuhfrd fl¼kar




                     uksV        izLrkouk (Introduction)

                                 jktuhfr foKku osQ vè;;u osQ vUrxZr ;g vko';d gks tkrk gS fd gekjs }kjk ekuo osQ lkoZtfud O;ogkj
                                 dks fu/kZfjr djus okys vkSj jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks izHkkfor djus okys rRoksa dk vè;;u fd;k tk;s vkSj ;fn
                                 ;FkkFkZoknh n`f"Vdks.k viuk;k tk;s rks bl lEcU/ esa tks rRo lcls izeq[k :i esa mHkjdj gekjs lkeus vkrk gS]
                                 og fuf'pr :i ls ^'kfDr* gh gSA izkjfEHkd dky ls ysdj vc rd jktuhfrd foKku fo"k; osQ fo}kuksa }kjk
                                 'kfDr osQ egÙo dks Lohdkj fd;k tkrk jgk gSA Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd foKku osQ tud dkSfVY; us ^n.M&'kfDr*
                                 tks fd 'kfDr dk gh i;kZ; gS] dks jktuhfr dk ewy vk/kj ekuk gSA ,d LFkku ij os fy[krs gSa fd ¶leLr

                                 lkalkfjd thou dk ewy vk/kj n.M&'kfDr gh gSA¸ oLrqr% leLr Hkkjrh; lkfgR; n.M&'kfDr osQ egÙo
                                 ls Hkjk iM+k gSA ik'pkR; jktuhfrd foKku osQ vUrxZr Hkh ;gh ckr ns[kh tk ldrh gSA cSdj (Becker) osQ
                                 vuqlkj] ¶jktuhfr 'kfDr ls vi`Fkduh; gS¸ vkSj oSQVfyu us jktuhfr dks ^'kfDr dk foKku* ekuk gSA
                                 cVsZª.M jly us rks 'kfDr dks lekt foKku dh ewyHkwr vo/kj.kk osQ :i esa ekuk gS vkSj ,y- ,l- vyej
                                 osQ dFkukuqlkj] ¶lHkh lkekftd foKkuksa esa 'kfDr dh /kj.kk ls bruk lEcfU/r dksbZ Hkh ugha gS ftruk
                                 fd jktuhfrd foKku gSA vjLrq ls ysdj vkt rd osQ jktuhfrd ys[kdksa dh fo"k;&oLrq dk fo'ys"k.k
                                 djus ij ;g fuLlUnsg Li"V gks tkrk gS fd 'kfDr blesa ,d osQUnzh; /kj.kk jgh] ftlosQ lgkjs
                                 jktuhfrd foKku dks Li"V djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k¸ vkj- ,e- eSdkboj] ck;lZVsM] àkVfdUl vkSj
                                 fofy;e ,- jksclu vkfn osQ }kjk Hkh ,sls fopkj O;Dr fd;s x;s gSaA
                                 jktuhfrd foKku esa 'kfDr dh /kj.kk dks le>uk blfy, Hkh vko';d gks tkrk gS fd bl lEcU/ esa tks feF;k
                                 fopkj izpfyr gSa] mUgsa nwj fd;k tk losQA ykMZ ,DVu dk izfl¼ dFku fd ^'kfDr Hkz"V djrh gS vkSj
                                 fujaoqQ'k 'kfDr iw.kZr;k Hkz"V dj nsrh gS*] gekjs eu vkSj efLr"d esa 'kfDr osQ izfr ,d nqHkkZouk dks tUe
                                 nsrh gSA oLrqfLFkfr ;g gS fd 'kfDr rks lkekftd O;oLFkk osQ fy, furkUr vko';d gS vkSj 'kfDr osQ fcuk fdlh
                                 izdkj dh lkekftd O;oLFkk dh dYiuk ugha dh tk ldrh] osQoy 'kfDr vfr ;k 'kfDr osQ nq#i;ksx osQ lkFk
                                 gh Hkz"Vkpkj dks tksM+k tk ldrk gSA blh izdkj ,d uSfrd /kj.kk osQ :i esa ^lR;eso t;rs* furkUr vkSfpR;iw.kZ
                                 fopkj gS vkSj ekuoh; thou esa gekjk vkn'kZ ;gh gksuk pkfg,] ysfdu oLrqfLFkfr ;g gS fd lR; osQ ihNs 'kfDr
                                 osQ cy gksus ij gh mlosQ fot; dh vk'kk dh tk ldrh gSA ;FkkFkZoknh n`f"Vdks.k ls lR; vkSj 'kfDr ,d&nwljs
                                 osQ fojks/h ugha] oju~ iwjd gSa vkSj ikLdy (Pascal) us bl vk/kj ij gh U;k; vkSj 'kfDr osQ la;kstu dh
                                 vko';drk osQ fo"k; esa vius fopkj O;Dr fd;s gSaA


                                 'kfDr dk vFkZ vkSj O;k[;k
                                 jkWcVZ ,- MSy osQ erkuqlkj] 'kfDr osQ vè;;u dh izeq[k dfBukbZ ;g gS fd blosQ vusd vFkZ gksrs gSaA oLrqfLFkfr
                                 ;gh gS vkSj 'kfDr dks fofHkUu fopkjdksa us vyx&vyx :i ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA 'kfDr dh oqQN ifjHkk"kk,¡
                                 bl izdkj gSa%
                                 jkWcVZ ck;lZVsM osQ vuqlkj] ¶'kfDr cy iz;ksx dh ;ksX;rk gS u fd mldk okLrfod iz;ksxA¸ 1
                                 eSdkboj ¶'kfDr gksus ls gekjk vFkZ O;fDr;ksa ;k O;fDr;ksa osQ O;ogkj dks fu;fU=kr djus] fofu;fer djus ;k
                                 funsZf'kr djus dh {kerk ls gSA¸

                                 ekWxsZUFkkm ¶'kfDr dk iz;ksx djus okyksa rFkk muosQ chp] ftu ij bls ykxw fd;k tk jgk gS] ,d euksoSKkfud
                                 lEcU/ gksrk gSA 'kfDr esa og izR;sd oLrq lfEefyr gS] ftlosQ ekè;e ls O;fDr;ksa ij fu;U=k.k LFkkfir fd;k
                                 tkrk rFkk mls cuk;s j[kk tkrk gSA¸





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