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Vinod Kumar, Lovely Professional University




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                                   bdkbZμ24% ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyhμ vaxszth fganh okD;ka'k

                                                           rFkk ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCn






                                     vuqØef.kdk
                                     mís';
                                     izLrkouk
                                     24.1 ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk
                                     24.2 ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh dh vko';drk ,oa egÙo
                                     24.3 vaxszth fganh okD;ka'k rFkk ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCn
                                     24.4 lkjka'k
                                     24.5 'kCndks'k

                                     24.6 vH;kl&iz'u
                                     24.7 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ


                                  mís';

                                  fo|kFkhZ bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ ;ksX; gksaxsμ
                                      ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh osQ vFkZ ,oa Lo:i ls ifjfpr gksaxsA

                                      vaxszth fganh okD;ka'kksa osQ fy, iz;qDr gksus okys ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnksa ls ifjfpr gksaxsA

                                  izLrkouk

                                  izÑfr dh gj oLrq ifjorZu/ehZ gSA Hkk"kk Hkh ifjorZu dh izfØ;k ls vius dks vuNwbZ ugha j[k ldh gSA bl
                                  fu;e dk vuqikyu djrs gq, le; dh xjt vkSj t:jr osQ vuqlkj fganh us Hkh viuk psgjk vkSj pfj=k cnyk
                                  gSA fganh vc dfork] ukVd] dgkuh] miU;kl] fuca/kfn tSls lkfgfR;d rFkk leh{kkijd ikjaifjd Lo:i dks
                                  NksM+dj ^dkedkt dh Hkh Hkk"kk* cuh gSA ;g vc lwj] rqylh] dchj] jl[kku dh lkfgfR;d vfHkO;fDr ;k
                                  O;kdj.k rFkk Hkk"kk&foKku dk ekè;e ek=k ugha jg x;h gS] ;g vc lwfDr;ksa] dgkorksa] eqgkojksa dh Hkk"kk
                                  gh ugha jg x;h gS] cfYd O;kogkfjd /jkry ij ;g tehuh :i ls jksth&jksVh dh Hkk"kk cuh gSA ;g Lohdkj
                                  djus esa fdlh dks ,rjkt ugha gksuk pkfg, fd ;g vius iqjkus laLdkjksa dks NksM+ vkt i=kdkfjrk] dkuwu]
                                  foKku] izkS|ksfxdh] fpfdRlk] ehfM;k] lwpuk rduhd dh Hkk"kk cu yksxksa dks dkedkt vkSj jkstxkj eqgS;k
                                  djk jgh gSA


                                  24-1 ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk

                                  oLrqr% fofHkUu dky[k.Mksa dk Hkk"kk;h bfrgkl gesa ;g crkrk gS fd ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCn viuh lhek vkSj nk;js
                                  esa lgt&lkekU; cksypky dh Hkk"kk esa drbZ iz;qDr ugha gksrs] cfYd bl rjg ds 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx csykx :i
                                  esa] fdlh vFkZ fo'ks"k ds lanHkZ vkSj ladsr :i esa gh gqvk djrk gSA fcuk cgl ds ;g Hkh Lohdkj fd;k tk



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