Page 173 - DSOC202_SOCIAL_STRATIFICATION_ENGLISH

Social Stratification

Notes Russia 3.52 3.35 .17 4.8* .004

Slovenia 3.58 3.39 .20 1.4 .002

Bulgaria 3.89 3.92 -.03 <1 .000
Canada 2.63 2.61 .02 <1 .000

Czech Republic 3.67 3.72 -.06 <1 .000
West Germany 3.14 3.08 .06 <1 .000

Total 3.41 3.19 .22 50.4*** .000
Note : Countries are ranked as a function of effect size (difference of xenophobia levels between
majorities and minorities). A positive difference indicates higher xenophobia for majorities. Means
are corrected for the effects of age, gender and education level.
*** = p < .001. ** = p < .01. * = p < .05.
In addition, we also compared the two native groups separately to the respective minorities and
majorities. Contrast analyses revealed that Maoris in New Zealand (M = 3.21) had higher levels of
xenophobia than minorities (M = 2.63), p < .001, and also higher levels of xenophobia than majorities
(M = 2.93), p < .001. Native Indians in the U.S., in turn, expressed higher levels of xenophobia (M
= 3.24) than U.S. minorities (M = 2.97), p < .05, but the difference with the U.S. majority (M = 3.13)
was not significant. These results suggest that native populations, much like national majorities,
have more negative attitudes towards immigrants than other minorities, and sometimes even
more negative attitudes than the majorities themselves.
Predicting Xenophobia

Due to overlapping forms of ethnic and national identification, ethnic identification was expected
to lead to higher levels of xenophobia for majorities, but not for minorities. In order to test this
fourth hypothesis, two regression analyses were performed on all minorities and all majorities
separately (Table 8.4). Xenophobia was the dependent variable, and ethnic and national
identification the main independent variables. National variation was controlled by entering
countries as dummy variables (with Slovenia as the reference category). Again, effects for age, sex,
and education level were controlled for.
Table 8.4
Ethnic and National Identification Regressed upon Xenophobia for National Majorities and
Minorities (Unstandardised Coefficients), with Slope Tests

Majorities Minorities Slope test
B SE t B SE t t

Ethnic ID .09 .01 7.34*** -.09 .03 -2.74** -5.61***
National ID .04 .01 3.47** -.06 .03 -2.07* -2.86**
Note : Effects of ethnic ID and national ID on Xenophobia are controlled for country, sex, age,
and education level (coefficients not shown). Slovenia was used as reference category.
*** = p < .001. ** = p < .01. * = p < .05.
Results revealed the expected pattern. For majorities, both ethnic and national identification were
positively linked to xenophobia. For minorities, in contrast, both forms of identification predicted,
although quite weakly, lower levels of xenophobia. Slope tests were then carried out to test
whether the relationships between identification and xenophobia were different in minorities and

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