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Hkkjrh; vkfFkZd uhfr
uksV xjhch mUewyu ,oa jkstxkj l`tu dh iwoZ esa py jgh fuEukafdr ;kstukvksa dks 31 ekpZ] 1999 dks lekIr
?kksf"kr djosQ viSzy] 1999 ls Lo.kZ t;Urh xzke Lojkstxkj ;kstuk ykxw dh x;h gS vkSj iwoZ dh lHkh
;kstukvksa dks bl ;kstuk esa foy; dj fn;k x;k gS
m|ferk fodkl dk;ZØe (1986)μ18 ls 35 o"kZ osQ f'kf{kr csjkstxkj dh y?kq vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa dh
LFkkiuk gsrq Í.k] dPpk eky] vkS|ksfxd lgk;rk rFkk fo|qr dusD'ku vkfn miyC/ djkdj mUgsa
Lojkstxkj miyC/ djkus osQ mís'; ls bl ;kstuk dks izkjEHk fd;k x;kA
iz/kuea=kh jkstxkj ;kstuk (1993) (PMRY)μ18 ls 35 o"kZ vk;q oxZ osQ f'kf{kr csjkstxkj uo;qodksa dks
m|ksx] lsok vFkok O;olk; ls lEcfU/r ifj;kstukvksa gsrq mUgsa vkfFkZd lgk;rk iznku djrs gq, mUgsa
vkfFkZd :i ls LokoyEch cukus osQ mís'; ls bl ;kstuk dk fØ;kUo;u fd;k x;k gSA
xzkeh.k {ks=kksa eas jkstxkj osQ volj mRiUu djkus osQ mís'; ls bl egRokdka{kh ;kstuk dks 15 vxLr]
2001 ls izkjEHk djus dh ?kks"k.kk iz/kueU=kh Jh vVy fcgkjh oktis;h }kjk dh x;h ftlesa 10,000
djksM+ #i;s O;; fd;s tkus dk izko/ku Fkk
8-6 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
LokoyEchμ vkRefuHkZj
fodjkyμ fodV] Hk;kud
jkstxkjksUeq[kμ jkstxkj izn] jkstxkj miyC/ djkus esa lgk;d
8-7 vH;kl&iz'u (Review Questions)
1. csjkstxkjh dh vo/kj.kk ,oa blds dkj.kksa dh foospuk fdft,A
2. Hkkjr esa csjkstxkjh dh leL;k dk foospu dhft,A
3. Hkkjr esa csjkstxkjh dks nwj djus dk fo'ys"k.kkRed o.kZu dhft,A
4. Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk csjkstxkjksa dks jkstxkj eqgS;k djkus ds fy, fd;s tk jgs mik;ksa dk leh{kkRed foospu
dhft,A
5. xzkeh.k xjhch nwj djus gsrq D;k ljdkjh iz;kl fd;s x;s gSa\
mÙkj% Lo&ewY;kadu (Answers: Self Assessment)
1. 1. 2-5 izfr'kr 2. 1951 3. rjyrk ladV 4. 1998
5. ekSleh
2. 1. (x) 2. (d) 3. ([k) 4. ([k)
5. (x)
8-8 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
1- Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk fodkl ,oa vk;kstuμ ,-,u- vxzoky] fo'o izdk'ku] fnYyhA
2- Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkkμ :nz nÙk osQ-ih-,e- lqUnje] ,l-pUn ,.M dEiuh fy-] fnYyhA
3- fodkl fu;kstu ,oa uhfr;k¡μ oh-lh- flUgk] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyosQ'kUl] vkxjkA
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