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Hkkjrh; vkfFkZd uhfr




                    uksV                xjhch mUewyu ,oa jkstxkj l`tu dh iwoZ esa py jgh fuEukafdr ;kstukvksa dks 31 ekpZ] 1999 dks lekIr
                                        ?kksf"kr djosQ viSzy] 1999 ls Lo.kZ t;Urh xzke Lojkstxkj ;kstuk ykxw dh x;h gS vkSj iwoZ dh lHkh
                                        ;kstukvksa dks bl ;kstuk esa foy; dj fn;k x;k gS
                                        m|ferk fodkl dk;ZØe (1986)μ18 ls 35 o"kZ osQ f'kf{kr csjkstxkj dh y?kq vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa dh
                                        LFkkiuk gsrq Í.k] dPpk eky] vkS|ksfxd lgk;rk rFkk fo|qr dusD'ku vkfn miyC/ djkdj mUgsa
                                        Lojkstxkj miyC/ djkus osQ mís'; ls bl ;kstuk dks izkjEHk fd;k x;kA
                                        iz/kuea=kh jkstxkj ;kstuk (1993) (PMRY)μ18 ls 35 o"kZ vk;q oxZ osQ f'kf{kr csjkstxkj uo;qodksa dks
                                        m|ksx] lsok vFkok O;olk; ls lEcfU/r ifj;kstukvksa gsrq mUgsa vkfFkZd lgk;rk iznku djrs gq, mUgsa
                                        vkfFkZd :i ls LokoyEch cukus osQ mís'; ls bl ;kstuk dk fØ;kUo;u fd;k x;k gSA

                                        xzkeh.k {ks=kksa eas jkstxkj osQ volj mRiUu djkus osQ mís'; ls bl egRokdka{kh ;kstuk dks 15 vxLr]
                                        2001 ls izkjEHk djus dh ?kks"k.kk iz/kueU=kh Jh vVy fcgkjh oktis;h }kjk dh x;h ftlesa 10,000
                                        djksM+ #i;s O;; fd;s tkus dk izko/ku Fkk

                                  8-6 'kCndks'k (Keywords)


                                     LokoyEchμ vkRefuHkZj
                                     fodjkyμ fodV] Hk;kud
                                     jkstxkjksUeq[kμ jkstxkj izn] jkstxkj miyC/ djkus esa lgk;d


                                  8-7 vH;kl&iz'u (Review Questions)

                                   1. csjkstxkjh dh vo/kj.kk ,oa blds dkj.kksa dh foospuk fdft,A

                                   2. Hkkjr esa csjkstxkjh dh leL;k dk foospu dhft,A
                                   3. Hkkjr esa csjkstxkjh dks nwj djus dk fo'ys"k.kkRed o.kZu dhft,A
                                   4. Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk csjkstxkjksa dks jkstxkj eqgS;k djkus ds fy, fd;s tk jgs mik;ksa dk leh{kkRed foospu
                                     dhft,A

                                   5. xzkeh.k xjhch nwj djus gsrq D;k ljdkjh iz;kl fd;s x;s gSa\
                                  mÙkj% Lo&ewY;kadu (Answers: Self Assessment)
                                    1.  1. 2-5 izfr'kr    2. 1951           3. rjyrk ladV    4. 1998

                                        5. ekSleh
                                    2.  1. (x)            2. (d)            3. ([k)          4. ([k)
                                        5. (x)

                                  8-8 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)





                                           1- Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk fodkl ,oa vk;kstuμ ,-,u- vxzoky] fo'o izdk'ku] fnYyhA

                                           2- Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkkμ :nz nÙk osQ-ih-,e- lqUnje] ,l-pUn ,.M dEiuh fy-] fnYyhA
                                           3- fodkl fu;kstu ,oa uhfr;k¡μ oh-lh- flUgk] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyosQ'kUl] vkxjkA


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