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vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ,oa foÙk
uksV 20-1 lhek 'kqYd la?k ,oa Lora=k O;kikj laxBu osQ LFkSfrd ,oa xR;kRed izHkko (Static
and Dynamic Effects of a Custom Union and Free Trade Organization)
xSV (GATT) }kjk nh x;h ifjHkk"kk osQ vuqlkj] lhek la?k esa nks mís';ksa dk lekos'k gksrk gSμizFke] lnL;
ns'kksa osQ chp esa leLr iz'kqYdksa vkSj O;kikj dks lhfer djus okys dkj.kksa dh lekfIr ,oa f}rh;] xSj&lnL;
ns'kksa osQ fons'kh O;kikj ij leku iz'kqYd vkSj vU; fu;eksa dks ykxw djukA okLro esa] lhek la?k dk fl¼kUr]
iz'kqYd fl¼kUr dh 'kk[kk gSA blosQ eq[; izfriknd ehM (J.E. Meade)] okbuj] okUosQ (Vanke)] fyIls
(Lipsey) vkSj ysosQLVj (Lancaster) gSaA lhek la?k osQ fuekZ.k esa iz'kqYd osQ <kaps esa ifjorZu gksrk gS vkSj
vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa Hksn&uhfr 'kq: gksrh gSA bl izdkj lhek la?k dk fl¼kUr vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa
Hksn&iw.kZ uhfr dk fl¼kUr gSA
lhek la?k dk mís'; lnL; ns'kksa osQ vk;krksa dks iz'kqYd osQ ekeys esa fj;k;rsa nsuk gS vkSj xSj&lnL; ns'kksa
osQ vk;krksa esa Hksn djuk gSA bl izdkj dh uhfr dk lnL; ns'kksa osQ mRiknu vkSj miHkksx ij egRoiw.kZ izHkko
iM+rk gSA
lhek la?k osQ ckjs esa uohure foospuk dk izkjEHk f}rh; fo'o&;q¼ osQ ckn izks- okbuj dh iqLrd ‘The
Customs Union Issue’ osQ izdk'ku osQ ckn gqvkA blosQ fodkl esa Trade Creation and Trade Diversion
osQ fopkj us Hkh ;ksxnku fn;kA okbuj ls igys lhek la?k osQ ckjs esa ;g /kj.kk izpfyr Fkh fd Lora=k O;kikj
ls vf/dre fo'o dY;k.k gksrk gSA ,d la?k esa iz'kqYdksa dks lekIr dj lhek la?k Lora=k O;kikj osQ izfr
xfr'khy gksrk gS vkSj bl izdkj fo'o dY;k.k dks c<+krk gS Hkys gh blls fo'o dY;k.k vf/dre u gksA
bl izpfyr fopkj/kjk ij viuh izfrfØ;k O;Dr djrs gq, okbuj us nks fopkjksa dks fodflr fd;kμO;kikj
l`tu (Trade Creation) vkSj O;kikj fn'kk&ifjorZu (Trade Diversion) ,oa bl ckr dh tkap dh gS
fd D;k ,d lhek la?k vko';d :i ls fo'o dY;k.k esa o`f¼ djrk gSA okbuj dk fo'ys"k.k miHkksx&ykHk
ls lEcfU/r ugha gS rFkk osQoy lhek la?k osQ mRiknu izHkko dh foospuk djrk gSA
LFkSfrd izHkko (Static Effect)μckbuj osQ vuqlkj] LFkSfrd n'kkvksa osQ vUrxZr ,d lhek la?k dk mRiknu
izHkko] foHksnkRed iz'kqYd osQ O;kikj l`tu ,oa O;kikj fn'kk ifjorZu osQ izHkkoksa ij fuHkZj jgrk gSA O;kikj
l`tu dk rkRi;Z la?k osQ lnL;ksa esa gksus okys u;s O;kikj ls gS rFkk O;kikj fn'kk ifjorZu dk vk'k; ml
O;kikj ls gS tks xSj lnL; ns'kksa }kjk lnL; ns'kksa osQ lkFk fd;k tkrk gSA ;s nksuksa izdkj osQ O;kikj lnL;
ns'kksa esa iz'kqYd dh lekfIr oQ iQyLo:i gksrs gSaA
(A) O;kikj l`tu (Trade Creation)
O;kikj l`tu dh O;k[;k vkaf'kd lUrqyu osQ vUrxZr D S
dh tk ldrh gSA ;fn rhu ns'k A, B rFkk C gSaμns'k U
dher ,oa ç'kqYd P
A rFkk B lhek la?k dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa rFkk ns'k C J H
xSj&lnL; ns'k gSA H K E E P
js[kkfp=k esa DD vkSj SS oØ A ns'k dh ekax vkSj iw£r W L C F FG W
oØ gSa tks oLrq X ls lEcfUèkr gSaA ;g Hkh ekU;rk gS
fd X oLrq nksuksa B vkSj C ns'kksa esa fLFkj ykxr osQ S D
vUrxZr mRikfnr dh tkrh gSA B ns'k dh iw£r OP
dher ij iw.kZ ykspnkj gS rFkk C ns'k dh iw£r Hkh OW
dher ij iw.kZ ykspnkj gSA ns'k A dk ckgjh ns'kksa osQ O MM QN N X
oLrq ek=kk
fy, iz'kqYd WH gSA ;g js[kkfp=k esa Li"V gSA
fp=k 20-1
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