Page 405 - DECO504_STATISTICAL_METHODS_IN_ECONOMICS_HINDI

bdkbZ—30% iwoZ ifjdYiuk osQ izdkj % 'kwU; ifjdYiuk ,oa vrajky ifjdYiuk] ifjdYiuk ifj{k.k esa =kqfV ds izdkj ,oa lkFkZdrk dk Lrj

uksV
lgh fLFkfr fu.kZ;
H LohÑr H vLohÑr
0 0
H lR; lgh fu.kZ; izFke izdkj dk foHkze
0
H vlR; f}rh; izdkj dk foHkze lgh fu.kZ;
0
tc ge fdlh fo'ks"k lkFkZdrk Lrj dks pqurs gSa] tSls mnkgj.k osQ fy, 5%, rks ;gka gekjk vfHkizk; ;g
gksrk gS fd ge 95% ifjdYiuk dks Lohdkj dj jgs gSa vkSj 5% izFke izdkj dk foHkze gks ldrk gS
ftlls ifjdYiuk (hypothesis) dks vlR; ekuk tk;A blls ;g ckr Li"V gksrh gS fd tSls&tSls
lkFkZdrk dk Lrj ?kVkrs tkrs gSa oSls gh oSls izFke izdkj dk foHkze de gksrk tkrk gSA ijUrq ;g è;ku
jgs ,slk djus ij nwljs izdkj osQ foHkze osQ c<+us dh lEHkkouk jgsxhA bl izdkj nksuksa izdkj osQ foHkzeksa
dks ,d lkFk de ugha fd;k tk ldrk oju~ muesa rks ;Fkksfpr lUrqyu j[kk tkrk gSA

dHkh&dHkh 'kwU; ifjdYiuk osQ lkFk oSdfYid ifjdYiuk (Alternative Hypothesis) Hkh dh tkrh
gSA ;g 'kwU; ifjdYiuk osQ foijhr gksrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] 'kwU; ifjdYiuk esa ekiksa esa vUrj ugha
ekurs tcfd oSdfYid ifjdYiuk esa vUrj ekurs gSaA vr% 'kwU; ifjdYiuk vlR; gksus ij
oSdfYid ifjdYiuk vkSj oSdfYid dYiuk vlR; gksus ij 'kwU; ifjdYiuk Lor% Lohdkj gks tkrh gSA
(4) izeki foHkze dh x.kuk (Computation of Standard Error)μlkFkZdrk Lrj dk fu/kZj.k gks tkus osQ
ckn izfrn'kZt osQ izeki foHkze dk ifjdyu dj fy;k tkrk gSA fofo/ izfrn'kZtksa osQ izeki foHkzeksa osQ
σ
fy, vyx&vyx lw=k gSa_ tSls ekè; osQ izeki osQ fy, σ = ; izeki fopyu dk izeku foHkze σ
x n σ
σ 1 − r 2
= rFkk lglEcU/ xq.kkad dk izeki foHkze = σ = vkfnA
2n r n
(5) lkFkZdrk vuqikr dk ifjdyu [(Calculation of the Ratio Significance)(T)]μlkFkZdrk vuqikr
vFkkZr~ (T) Kkr djus osQ fy, izfrn'kZt ,oa izkpy osQ vUrj dks izeki foHkze ls foHkkftr dj fn;k tkrk
() = T X − μ
gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] lekUrj ekè; osQ lEcU/ esa lkFkZdrk vuqikr σ x gksrk gSA

(6) fuoZpu (Interpretation)μfuoZpu lkFkZdrk ijh{k.k dh fØ;kfof/ dk vfUre dk;Z gSA blosQ vUrxZr
iwoZ&fu/kZfjr ØkfUrd eku ,oa lkFkZdrk vuqikr dh vkil esa rqyuk dh tkrh gSA ;fn lkFkZdrk vuqikr
ØkfUrd eku ls vf/d gS rks vUrj lkFkZd gksxk vU;Fkk blosQ de gksus ij vUrj vFkZghu le>k
tk;sxkA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ifjdfyr lkFkZdrk vuqikr (T) 1.96 tks 5% lkFkZdrk Lrj ij Økafrd
eku gS] ls vf/d gS] rks vUrj lkFkZd ekuk tk;sxk vFkkZr~ vUrj fun'kZu mPpkopu osQ dkj.k
ugha oju~ vU; dkj.k ls gSA

'kwU; ifjdYiuk fdls dgrs gSa\

30-4 lkFkZdrk cM+s U;kn'kZ (Test of Significance : Large Samples)

vk/qfud oSKkfud lkaf[;dh esa lkFkZdrk&ijh{k.k fofo/ izdkj ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA ijUrq fun'kZu {ks=k osQ
vUrxZr bldh viuh fo'ks"k izfØ;k gSA

lkaf[;dh; vuqlU/ku jhfr;ksa (statistical research methods) osQ vè;;u ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd U;kn'kZ
osQ vkdkj dk mldh fo'oluh;rk ij izHkko iM+rk gSA lkekU;r% ;g ekU;rk gS fd U;kn'kZ (sample) dk ftruk

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