Page 406 - DECO504_STATISTICAL_METHODS_IN_ECONOMICS_HINDI

vFkZ'kkL=k esa lkaf[;dh; fof/;k¡

uksV cM+k vkdkj gksxk og mruk gh vf/d fo'oluh; gksxkA vr% lkFkZdrk&ijh{k.k gsrq U;kn'kZ dks vkdkj dh n`f"V
ls foHkkftr djuk vko';d gSA vkdkj osQ vuqlkj U;kn'kZ nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa] tSlsμ
(1) cM+s U;kn'kZ (Large Samples), ,oa
(2) NksVs U;kn'kZ (Small Samples)A
cM+s ,oa NksVs U;kn'kks± dh ekSfyd ekU;rk,a i`Fko~Q gkssus osQ dkj.k nksuksa dh lkFkZdrk&ijh{k.kksa dh jhfr;ksa esa Hkh
vUrj gksuk LokHkkfod gSA vr% nksuksa U;kn'kks± osQ lkFkZdrk&ijh{k.k gsrq i`Fko~Q&i`Fko~Q jhfr;ka viukbZ tkrh gSaA
cM+s ,oa NksVs U;kn'kks± osQ fy, dksbZ fuf'pr bdkb;ksa dk lhekadu ugha gS] ijUrq lkekU;r% 30 ;k blls
vf/d (n ≥ 30) bdkb;ksa okys U;kn'kZ dks cM+k U;kn'kZ ekuk tkrk gSA rFkk blesa de (n < 30) bdkb okys
U;kn'kZdk NksVk U;kn'kZ ekuk tkrk gSA bl vè;k; esa cM+s U;kn'kks± (n > 30) dh lkFkZdrk osQ fo"k; esa ijh{k.k fd;k
tk jgk gSA
cM+s U;kn'kks± dks Hkh mudh izÑfr osQ vuqlkj nks oxks± esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSμ
(v) xq.k&leadksa dk fun'kZu (Sampling of Attributes), rFkk
(c) pj&leadksa dk fun'kZu (Sampling of Variables)A
xq.k&leadksa esa lkFkZdrk&ijh{k.k (Test of Significance in Attributes)
xq.k&leadksa ls vk'k; ,sls rF;ksa ls gS ftudk la[;kRed eki lEHko ugha gSA budk rks xq.k&fo'ks"k dh mifLFkfr
o vuqifLFkfr osQ vk/kj ij gh vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA xq.k&leadksa osQ lkFkZdrk&ijh{k.k esa mu ljy U;kn'kks±
dk lkFkZdrk&ijh{k.k fd;k tkrk gS ftudk p;u ,d ,sls lexz (Universe or population) esa ls fd;k x;k
gS tks fof'k"V xq.k dh mifLFkfr vFkok vuqifLFkfr j[krk gksA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn ge fdlh lexz esa jkstxkj
dh leL;k dk vè;;u dj jgs gSa rks bl xq.k dh mifLFkfr cM+s v{kj ‘A’ rFkk vuqifLFkfr NksVs v{kj ‘a’ }kjk
izn£'kr dh tk,xhA bl lexz esa jkstxkj dk izfr'kr Kkr djus osQ fy, lexz esa ls nSo vk/kj ij U;kn'kZ ysdj
mlesa jkstxkj dk izfr'kr Kkr djosQ izeki foHkze dh lgk;rk ls ml lexz dh jkstxkj vuqikr lhek,a fu/kZfjr
dj yh tkrh gSaA fiQj U;kn'kZ vuqikr (Sample Ratio) ,oa lexz vuqikr (Universe Ratio) esa rqyuk dh tkrh
gS vkSj ;g ns[kk tkrk gS fd bu vuqikrksa dk vUrj lkFkZd gS vFkok ughaA
lkFkZdrk&Lrj (Level of Significance)μlkFkZdrk&Lrj dk vFkZ gS fd izfrp;u mPpkopuksa osQ dkj.k
vf/d&ls&vf/d fdruh la[;k,a xyr gks ldrh gSaA ;|fi lkFkZdrk&Lrj oqQN Hkh gks ldrk gS] ijUrq O;ogkj
esa 1% rFkk 5% lkFkZdrk&Lrj dk iz;ksx gh vf/d izpfyr gSμbu nksuksa Lrjksa esa ls Hkh 5% dk gh lokZf/d iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] 5% lkFkZdrk&Lrj dk vFkZ gS fd izfrp;u mPpkopuksa osQ dkj.k vf/d&ls&vf/d
5% la[;k,a xyr gks ldrh gSa tcfd 1% lkFkZdrk&Lrj dk vFkZ gS fd izfrp;u mPpkopuksa osQ dkj.k
vf/d&ls&vf/d 1% la[;k,a xyr gks ldrh gSaA
Lo&ewY;kadu (Salf Assessment)

1- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwrhZ djsa (Fill in the blanks):

1. ------------------ ds erkuqlkj iwoZdYiuk ,d dkepykmQ fu"d"kZ gSA
2. vuqla/ku dk;Z esa vuqla/kudrkZ vius Kku] lwpuk rFkk vuqHko ds vk/kj ij tks dk;Z&dkj.k
laca/ dk vuqeku yxkrk gS ogh ------------------ dgykrh gSA
3. iwoZdYiukvksa dh tk¡p esa ------------------ fof/;ksa dk egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA

4. fofHkUu lFkZdrk Lrjksa ds fy, vyx&vyx izeki foHkze ds ------------------ eku gksrs gSA
5. vkdkj ds vk/kj ij ------------------ nks izdkj ds gksrs gSaA
6. ------------------ dk vk'k; ,sls rF;ksa ls gS ftudk la[;kRed eki laHko ugha gSA
7. O;ogkj esa 1% rFkk ------------------ lkFkZdrk Lrj dk iz;ksx gh vf/d izpfyr gSA

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