Page 88 - DEDU501_DEVELOPMENT_OF_EDUCATION_SYSTEM_ENGLISH

Development of Education System

Notes ratios. Another set of measures of quality concentrates on the quality of inputs as well as
that of outputs.
• Quality as fitness for purpose sees quality in terms of fulfilling a customer's requirements,
needs or desires.
• Quality as value for money sees quality in terms of return on investment.
• Quality as transformation is a classic notion of quality that sees it in terms of change from
one state to another. In educational terms, transformation refers to the enhancement and
empowerment of students of the development of new knowledge.
• Based on these five views of quality, various external review indicators, performance
indicators, quality statistics and benchmarks may be defined.
• External review indicators: Operational variables referring to specific empirically
measurable characteristics of higher education institutions or programmes on which
evidence can be collected that allows for a determination of whether or not standards are
being met. Indicators identify performance trends and signal areas in needs for action
and/or enable comparison of actual performance with established objectives.
• Performance Indicators: A range of statistical parameters representing a measure of the
extent to which a higher education institution or a programme is performing in a certain
quality dimension. They are qualitative and quantitative measures of the output (short-
term measures of results) or of the outcome (long-term measures of outcomes and impacts)
of a system or of a allow comparison among higher education institutions.
• Statistical indicators may be collected on a regular and systematic basis by governments
(especially where institutions of higher education are publicly funded) and these or other
statistics may be included in quality review processes. Statistical indicators are sometimes
used synonymously with performance indicators.
• A benchmarkis a point of reference against which something may be measured. In the
higher education context a benchmark is usually either (1) a level of performance, resources,
or outcome against which an institution or group might be compared, or (2) the specification
or codification of comparable processes.
• Operationilization of Quality Parameters: The Manual for Self-Studies for the universities
(NAAC, 2008) has provided a detailed list of criteria that may be used for setting quality
parameters-statistics, indicators and benchmarks. The criteria are grouped into seven group,
namely: (1) Curricular aspects, (2) Teaching, learning and evaluation, (3) Research,
consultancy and extension, (4) Infrastructure and learning resources, (5) Student support
and progression, (6) Governance and leadership, and (7) Innovative practices.
• High drop out rates from both primary and secondary school, combined with low enrolment
rates at the higher levels deprive tens of millions of children of their full rights as citizens.
• The projected growth rates in industry and services sectors are expected to generate 60
millions job opportunities during 2006-12 and 156 million during 2006-16
• Semi-skilled and skilled labour: The shortage of factory workers and construction labourers
is already being felt across industries.
• Engineering industry is growing at a fast pace will be major requirement of skilled/
talented manpower in this sector
• Reforming and strengthening vocational education and training.
• clear policy for facilitating capacity expansion through private sector participation.
• Disconnect between skills provided and skills required by the industry.
• Revision of course curricula lasa behind the need of the industry.
• Out-dated machinery/tools and technology.
• Need for creation of large scale skill development opportunities and infrastructure.

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