Page 307 - DEDU502_GUIDANCE_AND_COUNSELING_ENGLISH

Unit 29: Observation

understanding than survey work which tends to produce less detailed information about a larger Notes
number of people. Some methods only allow for the study of one individual at a time.

Observation enables the research to study groups of people together, that is, it allow
for the study of interaction between the members of a group.

29.2 Characteristics of Observation

Observation as a method of data collection has certain characteristics.
1. It is both a physical and a mental activity. The observation eye ‘catches’ many things which
are sighted, but attention is focussed on data that are pertinent to the given study.
2. Observation is selective. A researcher does not observe anything and everything, but select
the range of things to be observed on the basis of the nature, scope and objectives of his study.

3. Observation is purposive and not casual. It is made for the specific purpose of nothing things
relevant to the study.
4. It captures the natural social context in which persons’ behaviour occurs.

29.3 Types of Observation

• Participant Observation
• Non-participant Observation
• Direct Observation
• Indirect Observation
• Controlled Observation
• Uncontrolled Observation

29.3.1 Participant Observation
• In this observation, the observer is a part of the phenomenon or group which observed and he
acts as both an observer and a participant.
• Example, a study of tribal customs by an anthropologist by taking part in tribal activities like
folk dance. The person who are observed should not be aware of the researcher’s purpose.
Then only their behaviour will be ‘natural.’
29.3.2 Non - Participant Observation
• In this method, the observer stands apart and does not participate in the phenomenon observed.
Naturally, there is no emotional involvement on the part of the observer. This method calls for
skill in recording observations in an unnoticed manner.

• Example : use of recording devices to examine the details or how people talk and behave
together.

29.3.3 Direct Observation
This means observation of an event personally by the observer when it takes place. This method is
flexible and allows the observer to see and record subtle aspects of events and behaviour as they
occur. He is also free to shift places, change the focus of the observation.
Example : Observer is physically present to monitor

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