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Educational Management

Notes formed with a view to provide subsidized quality higher education to build a self reliant and modern
India. Even at present these institutions are recognized among the best in the world.
26.1 Higher Education in India

India has been a major seat of learning for thousands of years. The present format of Higher education
in India was started in 1857 with the inception of universities in the three presidency towns. At
present, India possesses a highly developed higher education system which offers facility of education
and training in almost all aspects of human’s creative and intellectual endeavors such as arts and
humanities, natural, mathematical and social sciences, engineering; medicine, dentistry, agriculture,
education, law, commerce and management, music and performing arts, national and foreign
languages, culture, communications etc.

26.1.1 Academic Qualification Framework
There are three principle levels of qualifications within the higher education system in the country
which are as under :
Bachelor/ Undergraduate level : Bachelor’s degree is offered after 12 years of school education.
Generally it is offered in two streams: liberal and professional field of studies. The liberal studies are
generally three years programme offered in arts, commerce and sciences. Some institutions offer
bachelor courses with honours in liberal studies which are not necessarily longer in duration but
indicate greater depth of study.
Bachelor degree in professional studies is generally a four years programme offered in agriculture,
dentistry, engineering, medicine, pharmacy, technology, and veterinary. The bachelors in architecture
and medicine take five and five and a half years respectively. There are other bachelor programme
which are offered only after completion of first bachelor degree. These include one year bachelors
in education, journalism and library and information science. Similarly a Bachelor’s degree in law
can be pursued only after completion of first bachelor degree but is of three years bachelor programme.
The bachelor degree in law is also offered as an integrated degree lasting five years.
Master’s/Post-graduate level : Master’s degree is normally of two-year duration in both the liberal
and professional fields of study. It could be coursework based with or without thesis or research.
Now a days to match the skill requirement, fast track programmes in professional streams such as
Executive MBA are also available to those having 3 to 5 years of experience at managerial level.
Some Master’s degree such as in Library and Information Science lasts for one year while in Computer
Science lasts for three years.
Pre-Doctoral/Doctoral level : A pre-doctoral programme - Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.) is taken
after completion of the Master’s Degree. This can either be completely research based or can include
course work as well which is generally of one and half year duration. Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)
is pursued after masters or pre-doctoral programme and generally takes two to five years to be
awarded. Students are expected to write a substantial thesis based on original research with or
without course work.
Diploma : Diploma Courses are also available at the undergraduate and postgraduate level. At the
undergraduate level, it varies between one to three years in length while postgraduate diplomas are
normally awarded after one year’s study.
Distance Learning Programmes : At all the levels, programmes in both liberal and professional
field are offered through distance learning mode which normally takes longer duration than their
equivalent regular programme.

26.1.2 Institutional Framework
The degree/diploma awarding institutions consist of the following :
Central Universities : A Central University in India is established by the Government of India, by
Act of Parliament.

344 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY