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Educational Management

Notes grew and civilizations evolved, the managers too grew and evolved. They became the priests, the
kings, the ministers holding power and wealth in the society. Written documents found in the
Sumerian civilization which flourished some 5000 years ago, contains evidence of management
control practices.
As early as 4000 B.C., the Egyptians were aware of the importance of planning, organising and
controlling. The huge pyramids of Egypt stand a mute testimony to the managerial and organizational
abilities of the ancient Egyptian civilization.
In the Grecian civilization we find the origin of the Scientific Method in the famous Socratic discourses.
The Romans who built a vast empire extending from Britain in the west to Syria in the east ruled it
for many years only because of their superior and advanced managerial abilities.
In ancient India Kautilya wrote his Arthashastra in about 321 B.C. the major theme of which was
political, social and economic management of the State. The study of administration of the cities of
Mohenjodaro and Harappa of the ancient Aryans in 2000 B. C., Buddha's order and the Sangha in
530 B. C., provide evidence about the use of the principles of management.
During the 13th and 14th centuries AD the large trading houses of Italy needed a means of keeping
records of their business transactions. To satisfy their needs Luca Pacioli published a treatise in 1494
describing the Double Entry System of Book-keeping for the first time.
Management thought is an evolutionary concept. New theories and principles were suggested along
with new developments in the business field. The new thoughts supplemented the existing thoughts
and theories. This is how developments are taking place continuously in regard to management
thoughts/theories. Management thinkers and thinkers from other fields such as economics,
psychology, sociology and mathematics have also made their contribution in the evolution of
management thought.

One pyramid required 1,00,000 men working for 20 years, covering 13 acres, using
2.3 million blocks, each weighing an average of 2.5 tons. To produce such a monument
required proper planning, work allocation, organising, directing, controlling and
decision making.

6.2 Need of Management

1. Direction, coordination and control of group efforts: In business, many persons work together.
They need proper direction and guidance for raising their efficiency. In the absence of guidance,
people will work as per their desire and the, orderly working of enterprise will not be possible.
Management is needed for planning business activities, for guiding employees in the right
direction and finally for coordinating their efforts for achieving best/most favorable results.
2. Orderly achievement of business objectives: Efficient management is needed in order to achieve
the objectives of business activity in an orderly and quick manner.

3. Performance of basic managerial functions: Planning, Organising, Co-ordinating and Controlling
are the basic functions of management. Management is needed as these functions are performed
through the management process.
4. Effective communication at all levels: Management is needed for effective communication within
and outside the Organisation.
5. Motivation of employees: Management is needed for motivating employees and also for
coordinating their efforts so as to achieve business objectives quickly.

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