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Educational Measurement and Evaluation

Notes (vii) T-score was first used by __________.
(a) Mc Call (b) R.V. Cattell
(c) Kelly (d) Lamark

11.5 Summary

• In a test, norm is that score which has been obtained by a group. In other words, “By norms
we mean specimen of work which represent the commonest type of work for the whole
group in question. In the field of research, when different tests are administered and scoring
is given.
• Norms have been defined as the standard, performance of a group of pupils in a test. It is
essential to keep in mind that there is difference between norm and standard. Norms indicate
the actual achievement of students at standardized level, while standard indicate the desired
level of performance. Norms are such standards with which we can compare any scores for
analysis.
• Norms have to be established for the following causes :
(i) To formulate raw scores such that they can be added with other scores.
(ii) To make raw scores capable of being compared.
(iii) To make raw scores more meaningful.
• Norms are of two types depending on the group of students or individuals for which they
have been established. Chiefly, there are four types of norms :
(i) Age norms.
(ii) Grade norms.
(iii) Percentile norms.
• Standard score norms.
• Age Norms : This type of norms were used in Binet’s intelligence tests. The basic assumption
in this type of norms is that variable should increase with the age. The variable must
increase with the age.
• Grade Norms : Grade norms are similar to age norms, with the only difference that while
age norms are related with age, grade norms are related with class. They are also called
class norms. By grade norms in a test is meant the average scores of students of different
classes.
• Percentile Norms : By percentile norms in a test is meant the different percentiles obtained
by a large group of students. In other words, percentile norms are those scores, the number
of students obtaining scores below than that is equal to the percentage of such students.
• Standard Score Norms : The greatest shortcoming of percentile norms is that the units of
scores is not equal in this, that is, the two consecutive percentiles are not equally or uniformly
distanced. These norms are also called Z score norms.
• By standard score norms is meant to change the raw scores of candidates into standard
scores. This type of norms are found out with the help of standard deviation (S.D. orσ ).
This standard deviation is a measurement of the expanse of scores of a group. Standard
norms are based on normative group.
• Characteristics of Norms
• It is essential for norms of a test to have the following essential qualities :
(i) Novelty.

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