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bdkbZμ2% ekiu rFkk ewY;kadu



            djrk gS] rks ge dg ldrs gSa fd vU; ckrsa leku gksus ij ogh fo|kFkhZ vkxs pydj vaxzsth esa vPNk LFkku  uksV
            izkIr dj losQxkA
            5- funku (Diagnosis)

            izk;% ;g ns[kk tkrk gS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ;ksX;rk lHkh fo"k;ksa esa leku ugha gksrhA bldk ,d dkj.k rks O;fDrxr
            fHkUurk gS vkSj nwljs Hkh cgqr ls dkj.k gks ldrs gSa] ftudk irk gesa funkukRed ijh{kk (Diagnostic test)
            ls yx ldrk gSA blls fo|kFkhZ dh fo"k;kuqlkj dfBukbZ dk irk yxkus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA blosQ vUrxZr
            ge Øfed dfBukbZ dh ijh{kk izR;sd fo"k; esa cukrs gSa vkSj fiQj mlh fuf'pr Øe esa fo|kFkhZ dh ijh{kk ysrs
            gSaA tgk¡ ij fo|kFkhZ lgh :i ls mÙkj nsus esa vliQy gksrk gS] ogha dfBukbZ gksrh gSA dfBukbZ dk irk yxus
            osQ ckn mldk dkj.k tkuus dh dksf'k'k dh tkrh gS fiQj mldk mipkj fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj dh ijh{kkvksa
            ls vè;kid vkSj Nk=k nksuksa dks gh ykHk gksrk gSA

            6- oSèkrk (Validity)
            ekiu vkSj ewY;kadu dh iz.kkfy;k¡ vfèkdrj oSèk gksrh gSaA ;fn gekjh ijh{kk gekjs mís'; dks ekius esa liQy
            jgrh gSa rks mls ge oSèk ijh{kk dgrs gSaA tSls ;fn gesa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh yEckbZ ukiuh gS rks ge ehVj osQ fu'kku
            okys eki&n.M ls vklkuh ls eki ldrs gSa] D;ksafd ,slk ekin.M yEckbZ dks ukius dk oSèk midj.k
            (Instrument) gSA blh izdkj ;fn gesa fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ ,sfrgkfld Kku dks ekiuk gS vkSj gekjh ijh{kk mls ekius
            esa liQy gksrh gS rks og bfrgkl dh oSèk ijh{kk dgyk;sxhA
            dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ekiu vkSj ewY;kadu esa ftruh ijh{kkvksa dh ge lgk;rk ysrs gSa] os vfèkdrj oSèk
            gksrh gSaA
            7- fo'oluh;rk (Reliability)

            ijh{kk fo'oluh; gksuh pkfg;sA bl ij fo'okl djus dk vFkZ ;g gksrk gS fd ;fn fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh dkfi;ksa dks
            ogh vè;kid dqN le; osQ ckn fiQj tk¡ps rks mls lHkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks mrus gh vad nsus pkfg, ftrus fd
            mlus igys fn;s FksA blosQ lkFk&lkFk ;fn fHkUu&fHkUu ijh{kd Hkh fdlh ,d dkih dks tk¡psa rks lHkh dks leku
            vad nsus pkfg;sA ;fn ijh{kk esa ;g xq.k gksrk gS rks ijh{kk fo'oluh; dgh tkrh gSA izpfyr ijh{kk esa
            fo'oluh;rk dk vHkko gSA
            8- oLrqfu"Brk (Objectivity)
            ijh{kk oS"kf;d gksuh pkfg;s vFkkZr~ izR;sd iz'u vkSj mldk mÙkj igys ls gh fuèkkZfjr dj ysuk pkfg;sA ;fn
            fo|kFkhZ iwoZ fuèkkZfjr dqath osQ vuqlkj mÙkj ugha nsrk rks mlosQ vad ugha fn;s tkrs gSaA blls ;g lEHko gS fd
            ;fn fo|kFkhZ dh nwljh ckj Hkh ijh{kk yh tk;s rks mlosQ vad yxHkx mrus gh vk;saxs ftrus igys FksA bl rjg
            oS"kf;drk dk fo'oluh;rk ls fudVre lEcUèk gSA

            f'k{kd tc mís';ksa osQ fy;s vfèkxe ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk Lkkoèkkuh ls fuèkkZj.k dj ysrk gS rc ewY;kadu osQ fy;s]
            ijh{kk dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA bl ijh{kk ls ;g fu'p; fd;k tkrk gS fd bu mís';ksa dh izkfIr dgk¡ rd
            gks ldh gSA esxj dk dFku gS fd bl lksiku esa f'k{kd fu;kstu] f'k{k.k&fofèk;ksa] izfofèk;ksa] (Strategies and
            Tactics) vuqns'ku rFkk vU; f'k{k.k lgk;d lkexzh dh mi;ksfxrk dk ewY;kadu djrk gS] ftlls muesa lqèkkj
            rFkk fodkl osQ fy, f'k{kd dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA mlosQ vkèkkj ij f'k{kd mÙke lkèkuksa rFkk lzksrksa dk iz;ksx
            vfèkxe osQ fy;s djrk gS ftlls mlosQ f'k{k.k dkS'ky dk fodkl gksrk gSA blosQ fy;s f'k{kd ekun.M&ijh{kk
            (Criterion test) dh jpuk djrk gSA

            fu"ifÙk&ijh{kk rFkk ekun.M&ijh{kk esa vDlj Hkze gks tkrk gSA bu nksuksa esa vUrj gksrk gSA ekun.M ijh{kk
            mís';ksa osQ ewY;kadu ij cy nsrh gS tcfd fu"ifÙk ijh{kk ikB~;oLrq osQ ekiu dks egRo nsrh gSA


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