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ft~fdne wkg ns/ w[~bKeD
ft~fdne wkg ns/ w[~bKeD
ft~fdne wkg ns/ w[~bKeD
ft~fdne wkg ns/ w[~bKeD
ft~fdne wkg ns/ w[~bKeD
È؇ fJ~E/ i/eo nze fJ; soK J/ehfeqs ehs/ ikDr/, sK gohyD dk fJ~em/ ;e'o ft~u fe;/ ftnesh dh
ftneshrs ;fEsh fBoXkfos eoD ft~u g/go T[Zs/ 20 r[Dk gqGkt j't/rk. feUAfe nfXnkge e/tb
d[~rDk jh ukj[zdk j?, n;hA ntXh N?;N d/ ;e'o Bz{ 10 Bkb r[Dk eo d/tKr/, noEks w~XwkB 30 (3H0 %
10) ns/ wkDe ftubD 5H0 (0H5 % 10). j[D N?;N ns/ ntXh g/go bJh d't/A n?; vh 2L1 d/ nB[gks
ft~u jB (60 ns/ 30 w~XwkB) ns/ (10 ns/ 5 n?; vh).
3H 3H 3 H fezB/ tor gq:'r eoB/ ukjhd/ jB
3H 3H
fog'ofNzr 2 (gk;^c/b iK wjkos ns/ r?o wjkos), 3 (A, B, F/C), 4 (A, B, C, F/D) iK 5 (A, B, C,
D, F/E), 7, 9, HHHHHH iK 100 iK 101 torK d/ o{g ft~u ehsh ik ;edh j?. fit/A fit/A torK dh ;zfynk
tX/rh, ;hwKse fBofDnK dh ;zfynk th tX/rh, gqzs{ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ e[b ft~fdne foekov bJh jo
fBoDk x~N rzGho j[zdk ikt/rk. rq/fvzr bJh torK dh ;zfynk ;p{s dh ftPtk;:'rsk fi; d/ nkXko T[Zs/
fBoD/ bJ/ iKd/ jB, Bkb gq;zfre j?. i/eo fe;/ xNe ft~u wkg dh wkDe so[Nh t~vh j?, sK G/dGkt
fBooEe j' iKd/ jB.
;koDh
4 ;soK T[Zs/ ftPtk;:'rsk tor
;koDh 4 ;soK T[Zs/ ftPtk;:'rsk tor
;koDh
4 ;soK T[Zs/ ftPtk;:'rsk tor
4 ;soK T[Zs/ ftPtk;:'rsk tor
;koDh 1 : 4 ;soK T[Zs/ ftPtk;:'rsk tor
;koDh
rq/fvzr tor
rq/fvzr tor 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
rq/fvzr tor
rq/fvzr tor
rq/fvzr tor
15 (A+toF-) 27% 31% 37% 50%
5 (A to F) 70% 77% 85% 96%
3 (nkBo;-gk;-c/b) 91% 95% 98% 99.9%
fJj ;gPN j? fe 15 s'A nfXe ft~u G/dGkt eoBk p/eko j?.
4H 4H
4H 4H 4 H fezfBnK Bz{ eh nze fwbD/ ukjhd/ jB (A-B-C-D-E) <
(i) fijV/ fuzB nzeK Bz{ g/P eod/ jB, Uj n;b ft~u eqw;{ue j[zd/ jB, ekovhBb gqDkbh BjhA.
(ii) A, B Bkb'A p/jso j?, B, C Bkb'A p/jso j? ns/ fJ;/ soK j'o th F s~e.
(iii) fJ; T[Zs/ ;kotG"fwe ;fjwsh dk nGkt fe jo edw r[Dt~sk dk ;wkB edw j? noEks A, B Bkb'A
UBk jh p/jso j?, fiBK fe C, D Bkb'A iK D, F Bkb'A p/jso j?.
(iv) fuzB fJ~e ft~fdne ;z;feqsh ft~u x[b/ j'J/ jB, ns/ fJ; bJh fuzBK dh ;z;feqfse G{fwek UBh jh
wj~stg{oD j? fizBhnK UBK dhnK wB'ftfrnkfBe ftP/PsktK. T[Zu e'o;K bJh rq/v dk fBPuk eoD
dk fBoDk ;wkfie^;z;feqfse iK wB'ftfrnkfBe j?.
(v) nzsokb/ d/ g?wkB T[Zs/ brksko fuzBK Bz{ ;wkB edw g/P eoB/ ukjhd/ jB.
(vi) ywsk dk nkw s"o s/ ;kXkoD t~eo d/ nB[;ko ftsoD j[zdk j?. fco ;kXkoD t~eo dh o/Ai ;wkB
GkrK ft~u tzvh ik ;edh j?. T[dkjoD bJh, 5 ;{soh g?wkB/ d/ wkwb/ ft~u, wkwfbnK dh A s'A F s~e
gqshPs ;koDh 2 ft~u fd~sh rJh j?.
;kXkoD t~eo d/ 5 ;{soh g?wkB/ T[Zs/ wkwfbnK dk gqshPs
;kXkoD t~eo d/ 5 ;{soh g?wkB/ T[Zs/ wkwfbnK dk gqshPs
;koDh
;koDh 2 : ;kXkoD t~eo d/ 5 ;{soh g?wkB/ T[Zs/ wkwfbnK dk gqshPs;kXkoD t~eo d/ 5 ;{soh g?wkB/ T[Zs/ wkwfbnK dk gqshPs
;koDh ;kXkoD t~eo d/ 5 ;{soh g?wkB/ T[Zs/ wkwfbnK dk gqshPs
;koDh
;koDh
t~eo T[Zs/ wkDe ;e'o o/Ai
t~eo T[Zs/ wkDe ;e'o o/Ai
t~eo T[Zs/ wkDe ;e'o o/Ai
t~eo T[Zs/ wkDe ;e'o o/Ai
fuzB
fuzB
fuzB t~eo T[Zs/ wkDe ;e'o o/Ai wkwfbnK dk gqshPs
fuzB
fuzB
wkwfbnK dk gqshPs
wkwfbnK dk gqshPs
wkwfbnK dk gqshPs
wkwfbnK dk gqshPs
A +1.5 s'A +2.5 iK fInkdk 7
B +0.5 s'A +1.5 24
C –0.5 s'A +0.5 38
D –1.5 s'A -0.5 24
F –2.5 iK 1.5^s'A E~b/ 7
5H 5H
5H 5H 5 H nze fe; ;zdoG ft~u fd~s/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB<
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