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fJekJh^19L rq/fvzr ^ Io{os, ;w~f;nktK, xNe ns/ ftXhnK
                                                                fJekJh^19L rq/fvzr ^ Io{os, ;w~f;nktK, xNe ns/ ftXhnK
                                                                fJekJh^19L rq/fvzr ^ Io{os, ;w~f;nktK, xNe ns/ ftXhnK
                                                                fJekJh^19L rq/fvzr ^ Io{os, ;w~f;nktK, xNe ns/ ftXhnK
                                                                fJekJh^19L rq/fvzr ^ Io{os, ;w~f;nktK, xNe ns/ ftXhnK
            ftfdnkoEhnK dh f;~fynk gqfeqnk pko/ pj[s e[M nfijk j[zdk j? fijVk tXhnk s'A tXhnk nfXnkge th  È؇
            BjhA ikD gkUAd/.
        •   id'A nfXnkge ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ nksw gq/oDk dk ftek; eoD ns/ ft~fdnk t~b gqwkfDe o{g Bkb X~ek d/D
            dh e'fPP eoDr/ sK fJj j' ;edk j? fe ftfdnkoEh UBK d/ nkdoPK t~b fXnkB Bk fdzd/ j'J/ e/tb
            nfXnkge Bz{ y[P eoD dh e'fPP eoD. fJ~e' o;sk fijVk nfXnkge ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ fJ; pko/ efj ;ed/
            jB fe eh ebk; ft~u nkdo Gfonk ns/ ;fj:'rh tksktoD pDkfJnk ik ;edk j? fi~E/ nkg;h ftPtk; ns/
            gqshp~Xsk dk gq;zr j't/.
        •   i/eo ftfdnkoEh wfj;{; eoD fe Uj nkgD/ wkj"b iK nfXnkgeK T[Zs/ Go';k BjhA eo ;ed/ sK Uj ;u/s
            j' iKd/ jB. u[B"shnK ns/ nkb'uBk bJh UBK dhnK gqshfeqnktK o~fynkswe j' iKdhnK jB. i/eo Uj
            nkgD/ nkg Bz{ d[PwDh Go/ ;zdoG ft~u wj;{; eod/ jB, nfijk nftPtk; dk ;zdoG fi~E/ UBK Bz{ jo w'V
            T[Zs/ nkgD/ nkg Bz{ ;jh ;kfps eoBk gt/, sK nkgD/ njzeko dh o~fynk UBK bJh wj~stg{oD oDBhsh pD
            iKdh j?.
        •   ebk; d/ ewo/ s'A pkjo fezB e[M ftfdnkoEhnK d/ rq/vK T[Zs/ fNfenk j[zdk j?, fJ; bJh gozgokrs rq/fvzr
            ebk; ft~u j'D tkbh jo uhI T[Zs/ nftPtk; dk ;zdoG pDk fdzdh j?.

        19H8 Ppde'P
        19H8 Ppde'P
        19H8 Ppde'P
        19H8 Ppde'P  (Keywords)
        19H8 Ppde'P
        rq/fvzr        L  fe;/ ftP/P fuzB iK Ppd d[nkok nzeD .
        xNe            L  eJh GkrK ft~u'A fJ~e Gkr fiBK s'A e'JKh uhI pDh j't/.
        ;zg{oD         L  g{oh.

        19H9 nfGnk; gqPB
        19H9 nfGnk; gqPB
        19H9 nfGnk; gqPB
        19H9 nfGnk; gqPB
        19H9 nfGnk; gqPB  (Review Questions)
        1.  rq/fvzr dh ntXkoDk dk toDB eo'.
        2.  rq/fvzr dh eh Io{os j?< toDB eo'.
        3.  rq/fvzr dhnK ftfGzB ftXhnK dk toDB eo'.
        4.  rq/fvzr dhnK ftfGzB ;w~f;nktK dh uouk eo'.
        T[Zso L  ;t^w[~bKeD
        T[Zso L  ;t^w[~bKeD
        T[Zso L  ;t^w[~bKeD
        T[Zso L  ;t^w[~bKeD
        T[Zso L  ;t^w[~bKeD  (Answers: Self Assessment)
        1.   (i)  rq/fvzr                         (ii)  ftfdnkoEh d/ ftek;, ;fEo
             (iii) rq/v fpzd{ n";s
        2.   (i)  a            (ii)  c            (iii)  b             (iv)  d

        19H10 ;zdoG g[;seK
        19H10 ;zdoG g[;seK
        19H10 ;zdoG g[;seK
        19H10 ;zdoG g[;seK  (Further Readings)
        19H10 ;zdoG g[;seK
             p[e;  1H  ft~fdne wkg ns/ w[~bKeDL i/H ;to{g okDh, fv;etoh gpfbfPzr jkT{;.

                   2H nfXnkgB ft~u wkg ns/ w[~bKeDL B'owB n?vtov rq'Bbzv w?efwbB.
                   3H nfXnkgB ft~u wkg ns/ w[~bKeDL okpoN n?b fbB, fgno;B n?i{e/PB fJzvhnk.
                   4H w[~bKeD dk gq'rokw ns/ gqdoPB wkgL i/w; ;h w/ v/ftv, b"ok nko n?b jkE"oB, ;/i
                      gpbhe/PB.










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