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Reeta Singh, Lovely Professional University bdkbZµ23% ^vkidk caVh* dh laokn&;kstuk ,oa Hkk"kk&'kSyh

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bdkbZµ23% ^vkidk caVh* dh laokn&;kstuk ,oa Hkk"kk&'kSyh

vuqozQef.kdk (Contents)

mís'; (Objectives)
izLrkouk (Introduction)
23.1 ^vkidk caVh* dh laokn&;kstuk

23.2 ^vkidk caVh* dh Hkk"kk&'kSyh
23.2.1 dFkk&izLrqfr esa iz;qDr Hkk"kk

23.2.2 ik=kksa osQ laoknksa esa iz;qDr Hkk"kk
23.3 lkjka'k (Summary)

23.4 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
23.5 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)

23.6 lUnHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)

mís'; (Objectives)

bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxsµ
miU;kl dh laokn&;kstuk dk fo'ys"k.k djus esa_
^vkidk caVh* dh Hkk"kk&'kSyh osQ :iksa dks tkuus esa_
miU;kl dh Hkk"kk&'kSyh ij izdk'k Mkyus esa_
miU;kl esa fufgr HkaMkjh th dk mís'; le>us esaA

izLrkouk (Introduction)

miU;kl esa laokn ,d ,slk fof'k"V ekè;e gS] ftlosQ }kjk dFkkud ;k eq[; dFkk dk fodkl vkSj foLrkj gksrk
gSA laokn ;fn vuko';d <ax ls iz;qDr fd;k tk, rks dFkk fodkl esa vojksèk mRiUu gks ldrk gSA blfy,
miU;kldkj dks bldh izklafxdrk ij è;ku j[kuk t:jh gSA izklafxd vkSj ik=kksfpr dFkksidFku dk iz;ksx
miU;kl l`f"V dks egku~ cukrk gSA ftl miU;kl esa ,slk ugha gksrk] mlesa Ñf=ke okrkoj.k iwjs vkSiU;kfld izHkko
dks u"V dj nsrk gSA

23-1 ^vkidk caVh* dh laokn&;kstuk

fdlh Hkh miU;kl esa dFkksidFku vFkok laokn&;kstuk dk egÙo fu£ookn :i ls Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA laokn
miU;kl dk ,d vfuok;Z rRo gSA okLro esa] ;g miU;kl dk ,d foèkk;d rRo gksrk gS] ftlosQ iz;ksx osQ ihNs
miU;kldkj osQ nks mís'; fufgr gksrs gSaµ,d eq[; vFkok vkfèkdkfjd dFkk osQ fodkl esa lgk;rk iznku djus

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