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lkfgR;'kkL=k (Hkkjrh; ,oa ik'pkR;) Hardeep Kaur, Lovely Professional University

uksV

bdkbZµ12 : lk/kj.khdj.k dh vo/kj.kk

vuqozQef.kdk (Contents)

mís'; (Objectives)
izLrkouk (Introduction)
12.1 lkèkkj.khdj.k dh vo/kj.kk

12.2 lkjka'k (Summary)
12.3 'kCndks'k (Keywords)

12.4 vH;kl&iz'u (Review Questions)
12.5 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)

mís'; (Objectives)

bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxs%
lk/kj.khdj.k dk vFkZ tkuus gsrqA
lk/kj.khdj.k ij fofHkUu vkpk;ks± osQ erksa dh O;k[;k djus gsrqA

izLrkouk (Introduction)

Hkkjrh; dkO;'kkL=k esa jl lokZfèkd egÙoiw.kZ fl¼kar jgk gS] D;ksafd jl dkO; leh{kk dk izeq[k ekinaM jgk
gSA laLÑr vkSj ¯gnh osQ vfèkdka'k vkpk;ks± us jl dks dkO; dh vkRek dk in iznku fd;k gSA ukVd vkSj dkO;
esa fuc¼ ikSjkf.kd] ,sfrgkfld vkSj ekultUek ik=k viuh laiw.kZrkvksa osQ lkFk lân; dks vuqHkwr gksdj vkuan
oSQls iznku djrs gSa\ bldk lekèkku Hkkjrh; vkpk;ks± us lkèkkj.khdj.k dh izdYiuk osQ }kjk dh gSA vr% Li"V
gksrk gS fd lkèkkj.khdj.k jl fl¼kar ls lac¼ ,d ,slh izdYiuk gS] tks jlkLoknu osQ fy, lgk;d fl¼ gksrk
gSA blhfy, Hkkjrh; dkO;'kkL=k esa jl foospu osQ lkFk&lkFk lkèkkj.khdj.k Hkh foosP; fo"k; jgk gSA

12-1 lkèkkj.khdj.k dh vo/kj.kk

lkèkkj.khdj.k dk foospu djus okys laLÑrkpk;ks± esa HkV~V uk;d] vfHkuo xqIr] dfojkt fo'oukFk vkSj
iafMrjkt txUukFk dk uke fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[kuh; gSA ;|fi dfri; fo}ku Hkjr osQ ^ukV~;'kkL=k* osQ fuEu
dFku esa lkèkkj.khdj.k osQ cht ekurs gSaµ

,H;'p lkekU; xq.k;ksxsu jlk fu"i|UrsA µukV~;'kkL=k] i`- 106-
(vFkkZr~ tc bu Hkkoksa dks lkekU; :i esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA rks jlksa dh fu"ifÙk gksrh gSA)

¯drq gekjh n`f"V esa HkV~V uk;d us gh vius jl foospu esa loZizFke ^lkèkkj.khdj.k* 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA
bruk gh ugha bUgksaus jlkLoknu (Hkksxokn) izfØ;k osQ :i esa lkèkkj.khdj.k dk lS¼kafrd vkSj O;kogkfjd foospu

124 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY