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bdkbZ 1% vuqokn 'kCn dh O;qRifÙk] ifjHkk"kk ,oa vuqokn dk egÙo

ij u rks foLrkj gks] u ladksp ;k vU; fdlh izdkj dk ifjorZuA lkFk gh lzksr Hkk"kk esa dF; vkSj uksV
vfHkO;fDr dk tSlk lkeatL; gks] y{; Hkk"kk eas vuwfnr gksus ij Hkh ;Fkk lkè; nksuksa dk lkeatL; oSlk
gh gksA la{ksi esa vuqokn dFkur% vkSj dF;r% fudVre lgt izfrizrhduµizfØ;k gSA
7- ukbMk (Nida) dgrs gSa fd] "Translating consists in producing in the receptor, language
the closest natural equivalent to the message of the source language, first in meaning
and secondary in style."
8- oSQViQksMZ (Catford) osQ fopkj ls ,d Hkk"kk esa vuqHko laizs"k.k gh vuqokn gSµ "The replacement of
textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language."
9- iQksjsLVj (Forester) dk dFku gS fd ,d Hkk"kk ls nwljh Hkk"kk esa lanHkks± vkSj fopkjksa dk LFkkukUrj.k gh
vuqokn gSµ "Translation is the transference of the content of a text from one language
into another, bearing in mind that we cannot always dissociate the content from the
form."
10- if'pe osQ gh ,d vU; fo}ku osQ fopkj ls] ¶vuqokn ,d dLVe gkml gS] ftlls gksdj lzksr Hkk"kk osQ
iz;ksx dk fons'kh eky y{; Hkk"kk esa vU; lzksrksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d vk tkrk gS] ;fn vuqoknd lroZQrk
u cjrsµ "Translation is a custom house through which passes, if the custom officers
are not alert, more smuggled goods of foreign idioms than, through any other linguistic
frontier."

vuqokn ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

1-3 vuqokn dk egÙo

chloha lnh dks dbZ Hkk"kk&foKku&iafMrksa us ^vuqokn* ;k ^iquLl`tu* dk ;qx iqdkjk gSA bl lnh esa jktuhfr
,oa lkekftd dkj.kksa ls lalkj osQ cM+s o NksVs ns'kksa osQ fy, ,d&nwljs dk ?kfu"V cuus dh vfuok;Zrk vuqHko
gksus yxhA okf.kfT;d vkSj vkS|ksfxd fodkl osQ fy, ,d ns'k dh laLFkk osQ fy, vU; ns'kksa dh laLFkkvksa o
laLdkjksa ls laioZQ vfuok;Z gks x;kA cgqjk"Vªh; laLFkk,¡ vusd ns'kkas esa viuh 'kk[kk,¡ LFkkfir djrh xbZA la;qDr
jk"Vªla?k vkSj ;wusLdks viuk dk;Zdyki la?k }kjk ekU;rk izkIr dbZ fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa esa djus osQ fy, ckè; gks
x,A foKku vkSj Kku dh fofo/ /kjkvksa esa izeq[k Hkk"kkvksa esa u, vkfo"dkj ,oa u, fl¼kar pfpZr gksrs x,
rks vU; ns'kksa osQ yksxksa osQ fy, budk Kku ikuk vko';d vuqHko gqvkA vuqokn bldk ,dek=k lk/u FkkA
bu fofo/ fn'kkvksa dk dk;Z cgqr cM+s iSekus ij djuk FkkA vesfjdk vkSj :l esa Fkksd :i esa oSKkfud if=kdkvksa
dk vuqokn fd;k tkus yxkA crk;k tkrk gS fd ;wjksih; la?k (EEC) djhc 1600 vuqokndksa ls vuqokn djkrk
FkkA fLiV~tckMZ osQ vuqlkj 1967 esa izfro"kZ 80]000 oSKkfud if=kdkvksa dk vuqokn gksrk FkkA vc rks mlls dbZ
xquk vf/d if=kdkvksa dk vuqokn gksrk gh gksxkA
varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj dh >yd gesa vuqokn dh O;kidrk crkrh gSA Hkkjr tSls cgqHkk"kkHkk"kh jk"Vª esa orZeku 'krkCnh
esaµ[kkldj bl lnh osQ mÙkjk¼Z esa fofHkUu Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa }kjk vaxzsth ,oa vU; fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa dk vuqokn
gqvk gSa Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dk ijLij vuqokn cM+h NksVh ek=kk esa pyrk gSa lk/kj.k yksxksa dh utj esa lkfgR;
dk vuqokn gh egÙoiw.kZ gSA mlh dks ge vuqokn dh dksfV esa ysrs gSaA lfgR; dh cgqr&Lh 'kk[kk gSaA 'kq¼
l`tukRed lkfgR; ls c<+dj leh{kk] Kku&foKku dh vU; 'kk[kk,¡] lanHkZ&xzaFk vkfn osQ {ks=k esa vuqokn dk ;ksx
egÙoiw.kZ jgrk gSA lapkj osQ ekè;e vkSj muosQ cgqHkk"kkHkk"kkh laLej.k vuqokn osQ moZj {ks=k gSaA tulaidZ vkSj

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