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lkekftd 'kks/ dh i¼fr

uksV lacaèk esa og ;g dYiuk djrk gS fd og fl¼kar laHkor% mlosQ vè;;u dk vkèkkj fl¼ gks ldrk gSA ij ml
fu"d"kZ ;k fl¼kar dks gh og lp ugha eku ysrk gS tc rd fd mldk iq"Vhdj.k okLrfod rF;ksa }kjk u gks
tk;sA vr% tSlk fd Jh tktZ dlosy (George Caswell) us fy[kk gS] izko~QdYiuk vè;;u&fo"k; ls lac¼
og dkYifud o vLFkk;h (vYidkfyd) (Temporary) fu"d"kZ gS ftlosQ lR;rk dks osQoy okLrfod rF;
gh n'kkZ ldrs gSaA Jh Mquge (Dunham) us fy[kk gS fd izko~QdYiuk 'kksèkdrkZ osQ dk;ks± dks fn'kk iznku djrh
gS vkSj mls ;g crkrh gS fd D;k xzg.k djuk gS vkSj D;k R;kxuk gSA izko~QdYiuk osQ cu tkus ij 'kksèk&dk;Z
dk {ks=k fuf'pr gks tkrk gS vkSj 'kksèkdrkZ dks vius vè;;u&dk;Z esa vkxs c<+us esa en~n feyrh gSA ij Lej.k
jgs fd izko~QdYiuk osQoy ,d ^vkdfLed* fu"d"kZ gksrk gS] u fd vafre vkSj u gh 'kksèkdrkZ dh liQyrk blh
ckr ij fuHkZj gS fd mldh izko~QdYiuk fdl lhek rd lR; izekf.kr gqbZA izko~QdYiuk lp izekf.kr gks ;k >wB]
nksuksa gh voLFkkvksa esa 'kksèk&dk;Z Kku dh o`f¼ esa lgk;d gksrk gSA
(5) izko~QdYiuk dk fuekZ.k dj ysus osQ i'pkr~ lwpuk osQ Ïksr (Sources of Information) rFkk vè;;u
osQ fy;s mi;ksxh i¼fr;ksa dk fuèkkZj.k vko';d gksrk gSA izko~QdYiuk lp gS vFkok ugha] blosQ fy;s rF;ksa
dk ladyu vko';d gSA ;g rF; Lo;a ^cksyrs gSa* fd D;k Bhd gS vkSj D;k xyr gSA
(6) i¼fr;ksa o izfofèk;ksa dk pquko gks tkus osQ i'pkr~ okLrfod 'kksèk&dk;Z ml le; vkjaHk gksrk gS tcfd
rF;ksa dk fujh{k.k o ladyu dk dke 'kq: fd;k tkrk gSA fujh{k.k osQ lkFk&lkFk vkys[ku (recording)
Hkh pyrk jgrk gS ftlls fd rF;ksa dh izÑfr vifjo£rr jgsA
(7) rF;ksa dk ladyu dj ysus osQ i'pkr~ mudks 'kksèk&dk;Z osQ fy, okLro esa mi;ksxh cukus osQ fy;s fuf'pr
Øeksa rFkk Jsf.k;ksa esa oxhZdj.k djuk gksrk gSA oxhZdj.k fo"k; ls lac¼ vusd vLi"V i{kksa dks Li"V djrk
gS D;ksafd blosQ }kjk fc[kjs gq, vlac¼ rF;ksa dk <+sj u osQoy de gks tkrk gS] vfirq fuf'pr Øeksa ls lt
tkus osQ iQyLo:i mUgsa ,d oSKkfud Lo:i izkIr gks tkrk gSA rF;ksa dk ikjLifjd lacaèk Hkh oxhZdj.k osQ
i'pkr~ Li"V gks tkrk gSA

(8) fu"d"khZdj.k ,oa fu;eksa dk izfriknu lkekftd 'kksèk dk vafre pj.k gS tks fd rF;ksa osQ oxhZdj.k
o fo'ys"k.k osQ i'pkr~ laHko gksrk gSA bl Lrj ij ;g fuf'pr :i ls ekywe gks tkrk gS fd izko~QdYiuk lgh
gS vFkok xyr gks oqQN Hkh] ij mlls Kku dh o`f¼ o foKku dh le`f¼ laHko gSA
eksVs rkSj ij lkekftd 'kksèk osQ mi;qZDr vkB pj.k gksrs gSaA ij isfUlyosfu;k fo'ofo|ky; osQ izksisQlj MCywú
lhú LDywVj (W.C. Schluter) us bu pj.kksa dks vkSj Hkh foLr`r :i esa bl izdkj izLrqr fd;k gSµ

(1) 'kksèk osQ {ks=k vFkok fo"k; dk pquko (Selecting the field topic or subject for research)A
(2) 'kksèk dh leL;k dks le>us osQ fy;s {ks=k dk losZ{k.k
(Surveying the field to apprehend the research problem) A

(3) ,d iqLrd&lwph dk fuekZ.k (Developing a bibliography) A
(4) leL;k dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk (Formulating or defining the problem) A
(5) leL;k osQ rRoksa dk foHkktu rFkk :ijs[kk dk fuekZ.k
(Differentiating and outlining the elements in the problem) A
(6) leL;k osQ rRoksa dk] vk¡dM+ksa vFkok izek.kksa osQ lkFk muosQ lacaèkksa (izR;{k vFkok vizR;{k) osQ vkèkkj
ij oxhZdj.k djuk [Classifying the elements in the problem according to their
relation (direct or indirect to the data or evidence)] A
(7) leL;k osQ rRoksa osQ vkèkkj ij mu vk¡dM+ksa rFkk izek.kksa dk fuèkkZj.k ftudh vko';drk gksxh
(Determining the data or evidence required on the basis of the elements in the
problem)A
(8) vko';d vk¡dM+ksa ;k izek.kksa dh miyfCèk dk vuqeku yxkuk
(Ascertaining the availability of the data or evidence required) A

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