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bdkbZµ3% ewy voèkkj.kk,¡ % rF;] voèkkj.kk] fl¼kar vkSj ifjdYiuk
lR; ugha gSA lHkh fl¼kar fuf'pr :i ls rF;ksa ls vkxs fudy tkrs gSaA blh izdkj tc rF;ksa osQ ckjs esa dksbZ uksV
dFku (statement) dgk tkrk gS rks mldk rkRi;Z ;g gksrk gS fd lHkh dFku Hkh rF;ksa ls vkxs fudy tkrs
gSaA ;gk¡ ;g le> ysuk vko';d gS fd lHkh fl¼kar rks rF;ksa ls vkxs fudy tkrs gSa ijarq lHkh dFkuksa dks tks
rF;ksa ls vkxs fudy tkrs gSa] mUgsa fl¼kar dh dksfV esa ugha j[kk tk ldrkA vuqlaèkku esa] rF;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij
vuqlaèkku ls lacafèkr leL;k osQ ckjs esa vuqeku (guess) yxk;k tkrk gS vkSj ;gh vuqeku vuqlaèkkudrkZ dh
midYiuk (hypothesis) gksrh gSA midYiuk Lo;a esa dksbZ fl¼kar ugha gSA ;g osQoy fof'k"V ?kVukvksa ;k
?kVukvksa osQ fof'k"V laoqQyksa (particular events or particular complexes of events) osQ ckjs esa
vuqlaèkkudrkZ dk vuqeku gS ftldh lR;rk dk ijh{k.k gksuk ckdh gSA midYiuk dh lR;rk dk ijh{k.k ge
fujh{k.k ;k fdlh vU; i¼fr }kjk djrs gSa vkSj ijh{k.k osQ mijkar vuqlaèkku ls lacafèkr vko';d voèkkj.kkvksa
dks fodflr fd;k tkrk gS ftlls fl¼kar fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA
3-8 fl¼kar D;k gS\ (What is Theory?)
tc ls ekuo tkfr us Ük`a[kykc¼ fparu izfØ;k (linked reflective thought process) dk izkjaHk fd;k gS
rc ls ,sls laosQr ns[kus dks feyrs gSa fd ;s tkfr vius lrr fujh{k.k ,oa vuqHko osQ vkèkkj ij fl¼karksa dk
fuekZ.k djrh jgh gSA fdlh tkfr] iztkfr] lewg vFkok jk"Vª dks vius vfLrRo dh j{kk gsrq vius vuqHkoksa dks
;kstukc¼ :i esa vkus okyh ihf<+;ksa dks gLrkarfjr djuk gksrk gSA bruk fuf'pr jgk gS fd vkfndky ls gh tc
ls euq"; us vius lekt dk laxBu fd;k gS tkfrxr laLÑfr dh j{kk gsrq yksxksa us vkus okyh ihf<+;ksa dks viuk
vuqHko gLrkarfjr fd;k gSA ;s fl¼kar dksbZ vko';d :i esa nk'kZfud gh ugha gksrs cfYd [ksrh] x`gLFkh ls Hkh
lacafèkr gks ldrs gSaA Hkkjro"kZ esa ekSle rFkk Ñf"k ls lacafèkr fl¼kar O;kogkfjd :i esa ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h
rd gLrkarfjr gksrs jgs gSaA vdky osQ y{k.k] mit] ekSle vkfn lHkh fo"k;ksa ls lacafèkr lkewfgd fl¼kar vR;ar
gh yksdfiz; jgs gSaA ijarq bu fl¼karksa dh yksdfiz;rk dk dkj.k dksbZ lkaLÑfrd ;k HkkoukRed :f<+okfnrk ugha
gSA cfYd vuqHkotU;kRed vUos"k.k (emperical investigation) gSA ,d fuf'pr lhek osQ varxZr ,d
fuf'pr izfØ;k ls vuqc¼ fdlh Hkh fl¼kar dk fujarj ijh{k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA oLrqr% vkèkkj :i esa tks
erkarj fl¼kar osQ lacaèk esa gSa] ogh n`f"Vdks.k varjky (attitudinal gap) gSA mnkgj.kLo:i] cqf¼thfo;ksa dk
,d oxZ ;g ekurk jgrk gS fd fl¼kar ijh{k.k ;ksX; ;k ijh{k.k izLrqr gksa] ;g vko';d ugha gSA blosQ varxZr
izk;% vfrfUnz; txr osQ vuqHko] èkk£ed fl¼kar vkfn vkrs gSaA vU; n`f"Vdks.k osQ vuqlkj fl¼kar u osQoy
cksèkxE; gksrk gS] vFkkZr~ ftldk vFkZ loZlqyHk gks] cfYd mldk ijh{k.k Hkh loZlqyHk gks losQA bl n`f"Vdks.k
esa vusd fopkjd vkrs gSaA vuqHkotU;kRed vuqlaèkku (emperical research) osQ lkèkd Hkh bl n`f"Vdks.k
dks viukrs gSaA okLro esa HkkSfrd foKku esa Hkh fl¼kar osQ ;s nks i{k loZekU; gSaA fdlh fl¼kar osQ ihNs gtkjksa
o"kks± osQ vuqHko gks ldrs gSa vkSj gksrs Hkh gSa] vkSj gtkjksa o"kks± dk ;gh varjky mudh {kerk dk ifjpk;d gksrk
gSA bl izdkj fl¼kar dh l`f"V ns'k vkSj dky ls fcYoqQy vkc¼ ugha gSA tc gekjs vuqHko] ckj&ckj osQ vuqHko]
ijhf{kr vuqHko] iqu%ijhf{kr vuqHko ,d O;oLFkkRed izrhd dk :i ys ysrs gSa rks fl¼kar dh l`f"V gks tkrh
gSA bl iwjh l`f"V dh izfØ;k esa fujarj] ckj&ckj ,sls 'kCnksa dk p;u fd;k tkrk gS ftuls oqQN izdkj osQ fopkjksa
dks vFkZ ;k laosQr fey tkrk gSA bUgsa gh voèkkj.kk,¡ dgrs gSaA fopkj vej csy dh rjg gksrk gS ftldh tM+sa
ugha gksrha vkSj tks fdlh o`{k osQ lgkjs gh thrk gS] tks izk;% Lo;a ugha ejrk] Hkys gh o`{k ej tk;sA ;gh o`{k
'kCn gSA vr% fdlh Hkh fopkj dks fdlh u fdlh 'kCn ij vkfJr gksuk iM+rk gh gSA tSls&tSls ge fopkj djrs
gSa] gekjs le{k fuf'pr :i ls ;s 'kCn Hkh rSjrs jgrs gSaA fyf[kr :i esa vFkok ekSf[kd :i esa] bUgha osQ }kjk
fopkjksa dk laizs"k.k Hkh gksrk jgrk gSA tc ge ,sls oqQN fuf'pr rFkk fo'oluh; 'kCnksa dks [kkst ysrs gSa tks fopkjksa
osQ okgd osQ :i esa dke vkrs gSa vkSj tc vuqHko O;oLFkkRed izrhd dk :i ysus yxrs gSa rks fl¼kar dk tUe
gks tkrk gSA tks 'kCn fdlh vosQys vFkZ dk |ksrd gksrk gS mls vaxzsth esa 'kCnkoyh (terminology) dgk tkrk
gS tks 'kCn vuqHkotU;kRed O;oLFkkRed izrhdksa osQ vFkZ crykrs gSa] os voèkkj.kk cu tkrs gSa] vkSj bUgha l`f"Vxr
,oa ijhf{kr 'kCnksa vkSj voèkkj.kkvksa ij fl¼kar dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 31
