Page 36 - DSOC404_METHODOLOGY_OF_SOCIAL_RESEARCH_HINDI

lkekftd 'kks/ dh i¼fr

uksV Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)

fjDr LFkkuksa dh iw£r djsaµ
---------------
1- oSKkfud vUos"k.k dk vafre mís'; lkekU; dk fuekZ.k djuk gksrk gSA
---------------
2- ifjokj] fookg] ukrsnkjh vkfn dk vFkZ esa lkekU; vFkks± ls fHkUu gSA
---------------
3- voèkkj.kk dks fodflr djus dh izfØ;k Kku dks izkIr djus o mlls fu"d"kZ fudkyus esa
lgk;d fl¼ gksrh gSA

3-7 fl¼kar (Theory)

lkekftd foKkuksa esa ^fl¼kar* 'kCn dk iz;ksx ge izk;% ns[krs gSaA lekt oSKkfudksa us Hkh bldh mi;ksfxrk ij
foLrkj ls izdk'k Mkyk gSA ijarq] tc dHkh ge ;g le>uk pkgrs gSa fd lkekftd foKkuksa esa fl¼kar dk D;k
vFkZ gS rks blosQ mÙkj esa fl¼kar ls lacafèkr vusd ifjHkk"kk,¡ izLrqr dh tkrh gSa] tks u osQoy ijLij fojksèkh
gksrh gSa] cfYd vLi"V ,oa lafnXèk Hkh gksrh gSaA fl¼kar (Theory), ^lS¼kafrd mUes"k* (theoretical
orientation)] ^lS¼kafrd lanHkZ* (theoretical frame of reference)] lS¼kafrd foLrkj* (theoretical
sketch), ^ekWMy* (model) ,sls vusd 'kCn gSa ftudk iz;ksx lkekftd foKkuksa esa dgha rks ,d nwljs osQ
i;kZ;okph osQ :i esa fd;k x;k gS vkSj dgha&dgha bu 'kCnksa esa varj LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA
^fl¼kar voèkkj.kkvksa osQ ekè;e ls O;Dr fd;s x;s lkekU;hdj.k (generalisation) gSaA ^lS¼kafrd mUes"k* dk
vFkZ fdlh vU; fl¼kar ;k fl¼kar lewgksa dh vksj fo'ks"k :i ls izHkkfor gksrk gS tSls ekDlZokfn;ksa (Marxists)
osQ fopkjksa dk mn~xe ekDlZ dk lkfgR; gSA ^lS¼kafrd lanHkZ* fdlh Hkh ,sls dFku dk lwpd gS tks fd fdlh
vU; fl¼kar ij vkèkkfjr gksrs gSa tSls] T;ksfr"k'kkL=k esa cgqr lkjs lS¼kafrd lanHkZ u{k=k foKku osQ fl¼karksa ls tqM+s
gksrs gSaA blh izdkj ^lS¼kafrd foLrkj fdlh fl¼kar ij vkèkkfjr mldk foLr`rhdj.k gksrk gSA izk;% lHkh fl¼kar
voèkkj.kkvksa dh ,d fof'k"V dM+h osQ :i esa gekjs le{k izLrqr gksrs gSaA blesa gekjh lhek,¡ vafdr gksrh gSaA
vuqlaèkku izjpuk,¡ (research designs) fl¼kar osQ bl i{k ls lhèkk lacaèk j[krh gSaA ^ekWMy* fl¼kar dk
lekukFkhZ 'kCn ugha gSA ysfdu] dgha&dgha yksx NksVs&eksVs vuqlaèkku ekWMyksa dks Hkh fl¼kar dh dksfV esa j[kus
yxs gSaA izk;% bu lHkh ekWMyksa dk mUes"k fdlh u fdlh lS¼kafrd lewg dh vksj gksrk gSA
ijlh dksgsu (Percy S. Cohen) us Hkh viuh iqLrd ^ekWMuZ lks'ky F;ksjh* esa fl¼kar osQ ckjs esa izdk'k Mkyk
gS ftlls fl¼kar ls lacafèkr gekjs lkekU; Hkze nwj gksrs gSa vkSj fl¼kar dk egÙo Li"V gksrk gSA mudk dguk
gS fd fl¼kar 'kCn ,d [kqys psd osQ leku gS ftldk laHkkfor ewY; mlosQ mi;ksx djus okys vkSj mlosQ mi;ksx
rjhosQ ij fuHkZj djrk gSA dksgsu dk er gS fd tc ge fdlh dFku dks fl¼kar dh laKk nsrs gSa rks gekjk vfHkizk;
;g gksrk gS fd mldk ewY; ^ek=k rF;ksa* (mere facts) ls vfèkd gSA fl¼kar dk egÙo blhfy, Lohdkj fd;k
tkrk gS fd os rF;ksa ls vkxs fudy tkrs gSaA ;fn fl¼kar rF;ksa ls vkxs ugha fudysa rks mudk dksbZ ewY; ;k egÙo
ugha jg tk;sxkA rF; osQoy mu dFkuksa (statements) dks dgk tkrk gS ftuosQ ckjs esa gekjk fo'okl gS fd
os fdUgha fof'k"V ?kVukvksa osQ ckjs esa tks ?kfVr gqb± gSa] lp gaSA dHkh&dHkh ge Hkzeo'k fl¼kar dk lacaèk oqQN
fof'k"V ?kVukvksa ls yxkrs gSaA ijarq dksgsu us bl vksj gekjk è;ku vkd£"kr djrs gq, dgk gS fd rF;ksa dk lacaèk
?kVukvksa dh laiw.kZ Ük`a[kyk ls gksrk gSA bl ckr dks mlus ,d mnkgj.k }kjk vkSj Li"V fd;k gSA dksgsu osQ gh
'kCnksa esa] ¶;fn dksbZ ;g dgrk gS fd mlus ,d iÙks dks >M+rs gq, ns[kk gS rks mlus ,d rF; dgk gSA ijarq]
og ;g dgrk gS fd mlus izk;% iÙkksa dks >M+rs ns[kk gS] rks og ek=k vfu£n"V fof'k"V ?kVukvksa ls lacafèkr vusd
dFkuksa dks ,d lkFk tksM+rk gS] tks fd ,d tfVy rF; gSA ijarq ;fn og ;g dgrk gS fd lHkh iÙkksa dks vfuok;Z
:i ls >M+ tkuk gS rks og fdlh rF; dks u dgdj ,d fl¼kar dks izLrqr djrk gS_ D;ksafd] tks oqQN mlus
lHkh iÙkksa osQ ckjs esa dgk gS og ogh ugha gS tks mlus ns[kk gS_ dksbZ Hkh O;fDr lHkh iÙkksa dk fujh{k.k ugha dj
ldrk] D;ksafd] >M+us okys iÙkksa dh la[;k vuar gks ldrh gSA
dHkh ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd fl¼kar ;k oqQN fl¼kar osQoy lkekU; rF; (general facts) ek=k gSa] ijarq ;g

30 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY