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lkekftd 'kks/ dh i¼fr



                  uksV          Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)

                                fjDr LFkkuksa dh iw£r djsaµ
                                                                                        ---------------
                                4- Ñf"k ls lacafèkr fl¼kar O;kogkfjd :i esa ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h esa    gksrs jgrs gSaA
                                5- fdlh fl¼kar osQ ihNs gtkjksa o"kks± osQ vuqHko gks ldrs gSa vkSj gksrs Hkh gS] vkSj gtkjksa o"kks± dk ;gh varjky
                                        ---------------
                                   mudh         dk ifjpk;d gksrk gSA
                                                                       ---------------
                                6- l`f"Vxr ,oa ifjf{kr 'kCnksa vkSj voèkkj.kkvksa ij    dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA

                                3-9  fl¼kar osQ ewy rRo (The Elements of Theory)

                                tsú ,pú VuZj us fl¼karksa osQ pkj ewy rRoksa dh ppkZ dh gS] tks fuEufyf[kr gSaµ

                                (1) voèkkj.kk,¡  (Concepts)
                                (2) ifjoR;Z vFkok pj  (Variables)
                                (3) dFku  (Statements)
                                (4) vkdkj  (Formats)

                                fl¼kar osQ mDr pkjksa ewy rRoksa dh O;k[;k djrs gq, VuZj us ;g fl¼ djus dk iz;kl fd;k gS fd bUgha osQ
                                ekè;e ls fl¼karksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS_ VuZj dh bl O;k[;k dks fuEufyf[kr fcanqvksa ij foosfpr fd;k tk jgk
                                gSµ

                                (I)  voèkkj.kk (Concept)µvoèkkj.kk,¡ ?kVukvksa dks izn£'kr djrh gSaA leLr ;FkkFkZ esa ls vko';drkuqlkj]
                                ftrus va'k dks ge vyx djosQ le>rs gSa] mls voèkkj.kk dgrs gSaA voèkkj.kk og izrhd ;k 'kCn (;k
                                'kCn&lewg) gS ftlosQ }kjk fdlh ;FkkFkZ dk cksèk gksrk gSA tSls] lewg dh voèkkj.kk ls nks ;k nks ls vfèkd
                                O;fDr] usr`Ro] 'kfDr] lkewfgd mís'; vkfn ;FkkFkZ le>s tkrs gSaA lekthdj.k dh voèkkj.kk ls ge ;g le>rs
                                gSa fd O;fDr Hkwfedk oSQls xzg.k djrk gSA vijkèk dh voèkkj.kk ls ge ml O;ogkj dks le>rs gSa ftlls
                                lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd ;k fofèkd gkfu igq¡prh gSA lkekftd Hkwfedk ls ge ;g le>rs gSa fd O;fDr D;k djrk
                                gSA ;FkkFkZ dks lhfer djosQ] izrhd ;k 'kCnksa ls ;FkkFkZ dks le>uk] voèkkj.kk dk mís'; gSA voèkkj.kk dh
                                mi;ksfxrk fuEufyf[kr gSµ

                                (1) voèkkj.kkvksa dh jpuk ifjHkk"kk }kjk dh tkrh gSA ifjHkkf"kr in dk tc voèkkj.kk osQ :i esa iz;ksx
                                      fd;k tkrk gS rks] mlosQ ekè;e ls] oSKkfud ?kVukvksa dk voyksdu dj fy;k tkrk gSA izR;sd O;fDr
                                      voèkkj.kk ls mlh ;FkkFkZ dks le>rk gS ftls voèkkj.kk }kjk izn£'kr fd;k tkrk gSA tSls] tc ge
                                      ^la?k"kZ* dh voèkkj.kk dk iz;ksx djrs gSa rks le>rs gSa fd nks i{kksas esa ls] ,d i{k] nwljs i{k dh
                                      y{;&iw£r esa] ckèkk Mky jgk gSA
                                (2) voèkkj.kk ls leku vFkZ&cksèk (common meaning) dk lapkj gksrk gSA oSKkfud leqnk; dk izR;sd
                                      lnL; ,d voèkkj.kk dk ,d gh vFkZ yxkrk gSA 'kCnc¼ gksus osQ dkj.k voèkkj.kk,¡ fcYoqQy rVLFk
                                      (neutral) ugha gksrhaA xf.kr esa ftl izdkj izrhdksa dk (vad fpÉ) rVLFk cksèk djkrk gS] ml izdkj
                                      lkekftd foKkuksa dh voèkkj.kk,¡ rVLFk ugha gksrhaA bl dkj.k oqQN lekt oSKkfud voèkkj.kk osQ LFkku
                                      ij bdkbZ (unit) dk iz;ksx djus yxs gSaA

                                (3) voèkkj.kkvksa }kjk ;FkkFkZ dks oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA oxks± esa ck¡V nsus ls fo'ys"k.k esa lgk;rk feyrh gSaA
                                (4) ;FkkFkZ dk vkewrZ :i (abstraction) voèkkj.kkvksa }kjk izdV gksrk gSA voèkkj.kk,¡ nks izdkj dh gksrh
                                      gSaA
                                (v)  okLrfod voèkkj.kk,¡  (Referent Concepts)µvoèkkj.kkvksa ls Bksl] okLrfod ,oa rF;xr
                                ?kVukvksa dk cksèk gksrk gSA tSls] vijkèk] la?k"kZ] fgalk] ifjorZu] fo?kVu vkfnA


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