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lkekftd 'kks/ dh i¼fr
uksV yksx rks bls ,sfrgkfld i¼fr (historical method) Hkh dgrs gSa D;ksafd Hkwrdky dh fofHkUu ?kVukvksa vkSj
O;ogkj osQ vuqØe (sequence) osQ vè;;u osQ vkèkkj ij lkekftd fu;e dk izfriknu vkxeu i¼fr osQ
varxZr gh fd;k tkrk gSA
i¼fr osQ xq.k (Merits of the method)µ(1) bl i¼fr dh lgk;rk ls fudkys x, fu"d"kZ okLrfodrk
osQ vfèkd fudV gksrs gSa D;ksafd ;g okLrfod fof'k"V ?kVukvksa vkSj rF;ksa osQ fujh{k.k ij vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA
(2) bl i¼fr dk n`f"Vdks.k vfèkd xfr'khy (dynamic) gksrk gS D;ksafd cnyh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa tks uohu
fof'k"V rF; ;k ?kVuk,¡ lkeus vkrh gSa] mudk iwjk è;ku fu"d"kZ fudkyrs le; j[kk tkrk gSA (3) bl i¼fr
}kjk fudkys x, fu"d"kks± dh fiQj ls tk¡p ;k iqu%ijh{kk laHko gS D;ksafd vko';drk gksus ij fu"d"kks± dks vU;
rF;ksa ;k ifjo£rr rF;ksa }kjk tk¡pk tk ldrk gSA (4) ;g i¼fr fuxeu i¼fr dh iwjd (complemen-
tary) gS] vFkkZr~ fuxeu i¼fr }kjk fudkys x, fu"d"kks± dh tk¡p o lqèkkj bl i¼fr }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
i¼fr osQ nks"k (Demerits of the method)µ(1) bl i¼fr dk iz;ksx dfBu gS D;ksafd fof'k"V ?kVukvksa
dk oSKkfud fujh{k.k djuk rFkk muosQ vuqØe (sequence) dks <w¡<+ fudkyuk ljy dk;Z ugha gksrkA blosQ
fy, vko';d izf'k{k.k (training) dh cgqr t:jr gksrh gSA (2) bl i¼fr }kjk fudkys x, fu"d"kZ ;FkkFkZ
ugha gksrs] fo'ks"kdj ml n'kk esa tcfd fujh{k.k dk {ks=k cgqr lhfer j[kk x;k gks vkSj FkksM+s&ls vk¡dM+ksa osQ
vkèkkj ij gh fu"d"kZ fudky fy;k x;k gksA ml voLFkk esa fu"d"kks± osQ xyr gksus dh laHkkouk vfèkd jgrh
gSA (3) bl i¼fr osQ varxZr i{kikriw.kZ fu"d"kks± dh cgqr laHkkouk jgrh gS D;ksafd vuqlaèkkudrkZ vk¡dM+ksa dks
viuh bPNkuqlkj fdlh Hkh rjiQ >qdk ldrk gSA ^vk¡dM+ksa }kjk oqQN Hkh fl¼ fd;k tk ldrk gS* (statistics
can prove anything) ;g dFku izk;% bl i¼fr ij ykxw gks tkrk gSA (4) bl i¼fr esa nks ckrksa dks ,d
lkFk ns[kdj muesa ls ,d dks dkj.k vkSj nwljs dks ifj.kke eku fy;k tkrk gS tSls ;fn ,d ifjokj esa lkSrsyh
ek¡ vkSj cky&vijkèk ;s nks rF; ekStwn gSa rks lkSrsyh ek¡ dks dkj.k vkSj cky&vijkèk dks ifj.kke eku fy;k tkrk
gSA ij ;g dk;Z dkj.k lacaèk ges'kk gh gksxk ;g eku ysuk xyr gS vkSj xyrh bl vkxeu i¼fr esa fd;k tkrk
gSA izksú cks¯YMx (Boulding) us fy[kk gS fd ¶;fn oqQN n'kkvksa esa nks phtsa ,d lkFk ns[kh tkrh gSa rks ;g
eku ysuk fd muesa dk;Z&dkj.k (vFkok dkj.k vkSj ifj.kke) dk lacaèk vo'; gS] lkaf[;dh; vuqlaèkku dk
lcls vfèkd [krjukd Hkze gSA¸
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
fjDr LFkkuksa dh iw£r djsaµ
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1- vkxeu i¼fr esa vè;;u&dk;Z fuxeu i¼fr osQ <ax ls fd;k tkrk gSA
---------------
2- vuqHko o iz;ksx osQ vkèkkj ij bl dh tk¡p dh tkrh gSA
---------------
3- ?kVukvksa dk oSKkfud fujh{k.k djuk rFkk muosQ vuqØe dks <w¡<+ fudkyuk ljy dke ugha
gksrkA
5-4 lkjka'k (Summary)
vkjaHk esa vuqlaèkkudrkZ }kjk rk£dd i¼fr dk iz;ksx vfèkd fd;k tkrk FkkA
Jh dkslk osQ vuqlkjµ¶i¼fr 'kCn dk vFkZ ml roZQiw.kZ izfØ;k ls gksrk gS ftldk mi;ksx lPpkbZ dks
[kkstus ;k mls n'kkZus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA¸
fuxeu i¼fr osQ varxZr lkekU; lR; osQ vkèkkj ij fof'k"V lR; dk vuqeku yxkrs gSa vkSj rdks± osQ
vkèkkj ij mldk vuqeksnu djrs gSaA
vkxeu i¼fr] fuxeu i¼fr dk iwjd gSA
54 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
