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Unit 13: Internet

navigation bar, are uniform for all website pages, like a standard. These kind of “website Notes
standard information” are supplied by technologies like web template systems.
13.4.2 Rendering

Web pages will often require more screen space than is available for a particular display
resolution. Most modern browsers will place a scrollbar (a sliding tool at the side of the
screen that allows the user to move the page up or down, or side-to-side) in the window to
allow the user to see all content. Scrolling horizontally is less prevalent than vertical
scrolling, not only because such pages often do not print properly, but because it inconveniences
the user more so than vertical scrolling would (because lines are horizontal; scrolling back
and forth for every line is much more inconvenient than scrolling after reading a whole
screen; also most computer keyboards have page up and down keys, and many computer
mice have vertical scroll wheels, but the horizontal scrolling equivalents are rare).
When web pages are stored in a common directory of a web server, they become a website.
A website will typically contain a group of web pages that are linked together, or have some
other coherent method of navigation. The most important web page to have on a website
is the index page. Depending on the web server settings, this index page can have many
different names, but the most common is index.html. When a browser visits the homepage
for a website, or any URL pointing to a directory rather than a specific file, the web server
will serve the index page to the requesting browser. If no index page is defined in the
configuration, or no such file exists on the server, either an error or directory listing will be
served to the browser.
A web page can either be a single HTML file, or made up of several HTML files using frames
or Server Side Includes (SSIs). Frames have been known to cause problems with web
accessibility, copyright, navigation, printing and search engine rankings, and are now less
often used than they were in the 1990s. Both frames and SSIs allow certain content which
appears on many pages, such as page navigation or page headers, to be repeated without
duplicating the HTML in many files. Frames and the W3C recommended alternative of 2000,
the <object> tag, also allow some content to remain in one place while other content can be
scrolled using conventional scrollbars. Modern CSS and JavaScript client-side techniques can
also achieve all of these goals and more.
When creating a web page, it is important to ensure it conforms to the World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C) standards for HTML, CSS, XML and other standards. The W3C standards
are in place to ensure all browsers which conform to their standards can display identical
content without any special consideration for proprietary rendering techniques. A properly
coded web page is going to be accessible to many different browsers old and new alike,
display resolutions, as well as those users with audio or visual impairments.
13.4.3 Web Browser Environment
Browsers (or WWW Clients) enable to use one’s computer to look at World Wide Web
(WWW) documents. All the top browsers are available in different versions to suit common
operating systems. For browsing a website we should have a web browser which is a
software application. There are two basic ways in which the browsers are classified:
They are as follows:

(i) Non-Graphical Web Browser Lynx is a program that allows one to access the World
Wide Web without graphics.
(ii) Graphical Web Browser are the two major graphic web browsers.

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