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Unit 1: Foundations of Organisational Behaviour

Step 3: Identify the aids and barriers to the goals: Anticipating internal and external problems Notes
and opportunities likely to arise in the future is an essential part of planning.
Step 4: Develop a plan or set of actions for reaching the goals: It involves developing various
alternative courses of action for reaching the desired goals, evaluating these alternatives, and
choosing from among them the most suitable alternative for reaching the goal.

Major Components of Planning

1. Goal: A future target or end result that an organization wishes to achieve.

2. Plan: The means devised for attempting to reach a goal.
3. Mission: The organizations purpose or fundamental reason for existence.

Types of Planning

Based on the length of the planning horizon, planning may be classified as Strategic Planning,
Tactical Planning and Operational Planning.

1. Strategic Planning: These plans are organization-wide, establish overall objectives, and
position an organization in long term of its environment such as (i) Long range issues
with broader technological and competitive aspects of the organization as well as allocations
of resources (ii) long term actions to be taken to achieve the goals between five and fifteen
years. (iii) Developed by top management in consultation with the board of directors and
middle level managers.
2. Tactical Planning: It typically addresses intermediate issues involving periods between
two and five years which are relatively specific, concrete and more detailed such as
(i) outline the steps for particular departments to achieve the goals (ii) generally developed
by middle managers who weigh the pros and cons of several possibilities before settling
on one issue. (iii) Important to strategic plan success.

3. Operational Planning: These plans specify details on how overall objectives are to be
achieved. The key aspects of operational planning are (i) Focuses mainly for short-range
issues usually developed by lower-level managers in conjunction with middle
management. (ii) Identify what must be accomplished over a short period, mostly day-to-
day operational activates such as work methods, inventory planning etc.

Organizing

Organizing refers to the way in which work is arranged and allocated among members of the
organization so that the goals of the organization can be efficiently achieved. Steps involved in
organizing Process:
1. Assign tasks and responsibilities associated with individual jobs.
2. Dividing the total work load into activities that can logically and comfortably be performed
by one person or group of individuals.
3. Combining the work of employees into units in a logical and efficient manner.
4. Delegating appropriate authority and power to an individual to discharge his duties.
5. Setting up a mechanism to coordinate the work of employees into a unified, harmonious
whole.

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