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Unit 11: Knowledge Organization and Management

in the minds of “knowers”. In organizations, it often becomes embedded not only in documents Notes
or repositories but also in organizational routines, processes, practices, and norms.

Actionable information.
The integration of ideas, experience, intuition, skill, and lessons learned that has the
potential to create value for a business, its employees, products and services, customers
and ultimately shareholders by informing decisions and improving actions.
Knowledge is information combined with understanding and capability; it “lives” in the
minds of people. Typically, knowledge provides a level of predictability that usually
stems from the recognition of patterns.
Knowledge is information that has been generalized to increase applicability.
Knowledge can be represented in following ways:

Frame: A single know-what knowledge structure containing slots.
Slot: Element of the frame that contains one or more facets.
Facets: Element that describes something about a slot.

Demons: Procedures attached to slots that are fired circumstantially.
Instance: Frame example.
Also, we can have the following relationships between frames:
Slot Sub-concepts: Contains links to other frames which represent sub-concepts.

Slot Type: GENERIC or INSTANCE.
Slot with facet other containing another frame.
Facets may take one of the following forms:
Values: Contains the slot (single or multiple) value.

Default: Used if there is not other value present.
Range: Informs about the kind of information the slot can contain.
if-added: Procedural attachment which specifies an action to be taken when a value in the
slot is added or modified (forward chaining, data-driven, event-driven or bottom-up
reasoning).
if-needed: Procedural attachment which triggers a procedure which goes out to get
information which the slot doesn’t have (backward chaining, goal driven, expectation
driven or top-down reasoning).

Other: May contain frames, rules, semantic networks, or other types of knowledge
11.2.2 Indexed Organization

Each record in the file has one or more embedded keys (referred to as key data items); each key
is associated with an index. An index provides a logical path to the data records according to the
contents of the associated embedded record key data items. Indexed files must be direct-access
storage files. Records can be fixed length or variable length.
Each record in an indexed file must have an embedded prime key data item. When records are
inserted, updated, or deleted, they are identified solely by the values of their prime keys. Thus,
the value in each prime key data item must be unique and must not be changed when the record

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