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Unit 11: Knowledge Organization and Management

skills and new procedures to employees is relatively easy to accomplish; bringing about a Notes
conceptual change in how these workers view their organizational roles is a far more difficult
undertaking. One such example is the shift in scope of practice for health psychologists. The role
of these practitioners has shifted away from that of “peripheral case consultants” who simply
provide psychological interventions to “primary care case managers,” who actively manage the
care of their clients. In reflecting on training health psychologists as primary care case managers,
James and Folen emphasize “that the most arduous task in bringing about this shift was neither the
training nor the demanding workload. Rather, it was bringing about a conceptual shift in traditionally
trained psychology interns, whose training resists going beyond traditional psychological interventions”.
In the early 1980s, a group of science education researchers and science philosophers at Cornell
University developed a theory of conceptual change . This theory is based on Piaget’s notions of
disequilibration and accommodation as well as Thomas Kuhn’s description of scientific revolution
(Kuhn, 1970). According to Kuhn, scientific revolutions have followed a consistent pattern.
Firstly, a dominant scientific paradigm – a basic way of perceiving, thinking, valuing, and doing
– fell into a “state of crisis” by failing to provide solutions or explanations to deal with significant
problems identified by the scientific community. Secondly, an alternative paradigm with the
potential to solve these problems had to be available. The existence of these two conditions
increased the probability of a “paradigm shift,” or universal adoption of a new framework for
thinking.

11.2.5 Retrieval Techniques

An information retrieval process begins when a user enters a query into the system. Queries are
formal statements of information needs, for example search strings in web search engines. In
information retrieval, a query does not uniquely identify a single object in the collection.
Instead, several objects may match the query, perhaps with different degrees of relevancy.

An object is an entity that is represented by information in a database. User queries are matched
against the database information. Depending on the application the data objects may be, for
example, text documents, images, audio, mind maps or videos. Often the documents themselves
are not kept or stored directly in the IR system, but are instead represented in the system by
document surrogates or metadata.
Most IR systems compute a numeric score on how well each object in the database matches the
query, and rank the objects according to this value. The top ranking objects are then shown to the
user. The process may then be iterated if the user wishes to refine the query.

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Caution Don’t apply all information. First extract it and convert it into knowledge.

Task Draw a knowledge discovery diagram (KDD).

Self Assessment

State whether the following statements are true or false:
4. Knowledge is information that has been generalized to increase applicability.

5. Values informs about the kind of information the slot can contain.
6. Records can not be fixed length or variable length.

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