Page 48 - DCAP310_INTRODUCTION_TO_ARTIFICIAL_INTELLIGENCE_AND_EXPERT_SYSTEMS

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence & Expert Systems

Notes rule, or transformation rule is the act of drawing a conclusion based on the form of premises
interpreted as a function which takes premises, analyzes their syntax, and returns a conclusion
(or conclusions). For example, the rule of inference modus ponens takes two premises, one in
the form of “If p then q” and another in the form of “p” and returns the conclusion “q”. The rule
is valid with respect to the semantics of classical logic (as well as the semantics of many other
non-classical logics), in the sense that if the premises are true (under an interpretation) then so
is the conclusion.
Typically, a rule of inference preserves truth, a semantic property. In many-valued logic, it
preserves a general designation. But a rule of inference’s action is purely syntactic, and does not
need to preserve any semantic property: any function from sets of formulae to formulae counts
as a rule of inference. Usually only rules that are recursive are important; i.e. rules such that
there is an effective procedure for determining whether any given formula is the conclusion of
a given set of formulae according to the rule. An example of a rule that is not effective in this
sense is the infinitary rule.

Task Critically examine the importance of chaining in behavioral psychology.

Self Assessment

State whether the following statements are true or false:
4. Knowledge management represents a logical progression beyond information
management.

5. MYCIN is not an expert system.
6. A good knowledge representation covers intelligent activity which uses the knowledge
base.

3.3 Knowledge Manipulation

The Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language, or KQML, is a language and protocol for
communication among software agents and knowledge-based systems. It was developed in the
early 1990s part of the DARPA knowledge Sharing Effort, which was aimed at developing
techniques for building large-scale knowledge bases which are shareable and reusable. While
originally conceived of as an interface to knowledge based systems, it was soon repurposed as
an Agent communication language.
Decisions and actions in knowledge based systems come from manipulation of the knowledge.
The known facts in the knowledge base be located, compared, and altered in some way. This
process may set up other sub-goals and require further inputs, and so on until a final solution is
found. The manipulations are the computational equivalent of reasoning. This requires a form
of inference or deduction, using the knowledge and inferring rules. All forms of reasoning
requires a certain amount of searching and matching. The searching and matching operations
consume greatest amount of computation time in AI systems. It is important to have techniques
that limit the amount of search and matching required to complete any given task.

3.3.1 The Turing Test

The Turing test is a test of a machine’s ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or
indistinguishable from, that of an actual human. In the original illustrative example, a human

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