Page 42 - DCAP506_ARTIFICIAL_INTELLIGENCE

Artificial Intelligence

Notes There are two fundamental types of change:
 Relevant Change: examine the changes made by an action
 Irrelevant Change: do not examine facts that are not related to the task at hand
Facts may be examined utilizing two levels:
 Semantic Level: This level interprets what type of information is being inspected. Solutions
should become understandable by the suppositions of how an object should behave.
There are believers in a wholly semantic approach who consider that accurate information
can be reached by means of meaning. However, this hypothesis has yet to be confirmed.
 Syntactic Level: This level just decides in which format the information should be examined.
That is, it generates solutions depending on the structure and patterns of facts.
When examining the facts, numerous problems can happen:
 At times an implication can be missed.
 Considering all facts and all their succeeding side effects is time-consuming.

 Some facts are needlessly inspected when they are unneeded.

Task Make distinction between semantic level and syntactic level.
3.3.1 Problems Related to the Frame Problem

The Qualification Problem
The Qualification Problem was initiated by John McCarthy. It recommends that one is never
totally positive if a particular rule will work. It also proposes that the robot does not essentially
know which rules to disregard in a specified situation. Modifications in the environment can
“confuse” the robot as certain rules will turn out to be obsolete and new rules will be essential
before they exist.

The Representational Problem

The Representational Problem is the complexity of developing truths concerning the current
environment. For instance, how can one program the thoughts of up and down? These are
relative to each other, and can not be just described by direction. To incompletely correct this
problem, successor-state axioms are accessed. These axioms demonstrate all the true and false
potentials of a rule.

The Inferential Problem

Difficulty with inspecting the methods by which the world is reviewed is the Inferential Problem.
There are two types of purposes. The General Purpose is to check the complete world of things
that are changeable. The particular Purpose is to only examine actions that can amend over a
little area of environments.

The Ramification Problem

This problem illustrates how an action can cause deviations inside its environment.

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