Page 219 - DMGT546_INTERNATIONAL_TRADE_PROCEDURE_AND_DOCUMENTATION

International Trade Procedures and Documentation

Notes Here dry ice is used as the cooling medium. It does not use any device for
cooling and/or heating.
(iii) The ventilated Container allows for the passage of air by means of apertures
on sides or ends. This type is used for cargo such as fruit or vegetable, which
requires respiration. They are required for carriage of special cargo like tea,
coffee, etc. which may lose moisture, that is; they may “sweat” if carried in
closed box type containers.

Considerable advancement has been made with regard to refer containers. Controlled
Atmosphere and Modified Atmosphere systems have been introduced.
(i) Controlled Atmosphere: In the Controlled Atmosphere, there is computerised
controller. The refrigeration unit maintains the set temperature and the
controller maintains the ideal atmosphere by sensing the product’s consumption
of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide. By integrating this information
the controller continuously adjusts air exchange valves and activates the
required scrubbing systems to maintain the atmosphere of the pre-set level.
(ii) Modified Atmosphere system: In the Modified Atmosphere system, the desired
atmosphere is created in the container when it is stuffed. The container is then
sealed to prevent changes in the original atmosphere due to ventilation. The
modified atmosphere system is limited to shorter voyages and fewer
commodities than the controlled atmosphere system.
(c) Special Containers: The third category of container comprises of the balance types
under the broad head of “Special Containers”. Prominent type in this head are: Bulk
containers, Tank containers, open top Containers, Side Open containers, Flats, Car
containers, Pen containers (to carry livestock).
(i) Bulk Containers: These containers are designed for the carriage of dry powders
and gram substances in bulk.
(ii) Ventilated Containers: These containers have full length ventilation galleries.
(iii) Half Height Containers: Half-height version of the open top container is
designed for the carriage of heavy dense cargoes such as steel, pipes and tubes
etc.
(iv) Tank Containers: These containers are generally constructed for the carriage
of a specific product or range of products in mind.
(v) Open Sided Containers: These containers are designed to accommodate specific
commodities such as plywood, perishable commodities and livestock.
4. Dry Cargo Containers: Dry cargo containers are by far the maximum in use. They are of
different types. A standard dry cargo container is a of box type with a door at one end.
Sometimes containers are provided with side doors, i.e., the entire side of the container
can be opened for easier stuffing and destuffing. These types of containers are useful when
stuffing operations are carried out while the container is mounted on a wagon or trailer.
There are various “dry specials” like open top containers, flat racks, bulk containers,
garment container, ventilated containers, etc.
(i) The open top Container: The open top container is one having no roof and usually
provided with a polythene lined tarpaulin to cover the container. The advantage of
this container is that heavy machineries, structurals, etc. Can be easily hoisted by a
crane and put inside the container through its open roof.

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