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ik'pkR; jktuhfr fopkj



                    uksV             Js.kh osQ vUrxZr j[kk tk ldrk gSA blh izdkj mldh egku~ jpuk ^ysfo;kFku* osQ ckjs esa os fy[krs gSa fd]
                                     ¶og vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa jktuhfrd n'kZu dk lcls egku~ vkSj dnkfpr ,dek=k vuqie xzUFk gSA¸ tku ys;MZ
                                     osQ 'kCnksa esa] ¶gkWCl izfrHkklEi euksoSKkfud] mRÑ"V rRoKkuh] izfl¼ jktuhfrd fpUrd ,oa ,d ,slk
                                     uSfrdoknh gS ftls fczVsu osQ vkpkj'kkL=k dk tud dgk tk ldrk gSA¸
                                  •  gkWCl osQ jktuhfrd fpUru dk izHkko tgka ,d vkSj lokZf/dkjoknh fopkj/kjk ij iM+k gS ogha nwljh vkSj
                                     O;fDroknh vkSj mi;ksfxrk fopkj/kjk Hkh mlls izHkkfor gqbZ gSA og Lihukstk] csUFke] vkWLVhu vkSj ghxy vkfn
                                     nk'kZfudksa dk izsj.kk Ïksr jgk gSA vkWLVhu }kjk izfrikfnr oS/kfud lEizHkqrk dk fl¼kar gkWCl osQ fpUru ls
                                     izsfjr jgk gSA gkWCl osQ izHkko dk ewY;kadu djrs gq, eSDlh us fy[kk gS] ¶mldk izHkko jktn'kZu ij rc rd
                                     jgsxk tc rd fd yksx jktuhfrd fo"k;ksa ij ppkZ djrs jgsaxsA¸ osij osQ vuqlkj] ¶og ,d ,slh [kku gS
                                     ftlesa n'kZu :ih ewY;kou èkkrq /eZfujis{kokn dk leFkZu HkkSfrdokn osQ n'kZu osQ vk/kj ij fd;k vkSj bl
                                     izdkj jktn'kZu esa vk/qfud ;qx dk lw=kikr fd;kA
                                  6-6 'kCndks'k (Keywords)


                                        • ysfo;kFkuμegkekuoA

                                        • izfrLi/kZμizfr;ksfxrkA

                                  6-7 vH;kl&iz'u ( Review Questions)


                                    1. gkWCl osQ thou ifjp; dk laf{kIr o.kZu dhft,A
                                    2. gkWCl dk lkekftd le>kSrk fl¼kar D;k gS\ o.kZu dhft,A
                                    3. gkWCl osQ lEizHkqrk fl¼kar dh O;k[;k dhft,A
                                    4. gkWCl osQ jktn'kZu esa fujaoqQ'krkokn dk fo'ys"k.kkRed foospu dhft,A
                                  mÙkj % Lo&ewY;kadu  (Answer: Self Assessment)

                                      1.  1. (x)              2. (d)            3. ([k)
                                     2-   1. 'kkldh;          2. Hk;            3. fo/k;d

                                  6-8 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)





                                            1. jktuhfrd ¯pru osQ vkpk;Zμ fgUnh ekè;e dk;kZUo; funs'kky;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;A

                                            2. jktuhfrd fopkjksa dk bfrgkl (IysVks ls coZQ)μMk- izHkqnÙk 'kekZ] dkyst cqd fMiks] t;iqj]
                                               fnYyhA

                                            3. ik'pkR; jktuhfrd fpUru dk bfrgkl (IysVks ls ekDlZ)] Mk- ch- ,y- iQfM+;k lkfgR; Hkou
                                               ifCyosQ'ku] vkxjkA











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