Page 288 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_HINDI

bdkbZμ12% çfrfufèkRo dh jktuhfr vkSj lgHkkfxrk

12-2 lgHkkfxrk vkSj fuokZpu O;oLFkk (Participation and Election System) uksV

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk (Political Participation): jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk og xfrfofèk gS ftlosQ varxZr
fdlh ns'k osQ ukxfjd lkoZtfud uhfr;ksa (Public Policies) vkSj fu.kZ;ksa (Decisions) osQ fuekZ.k] fu:i.k vkSj
dk;kZUo;u dh çfØ;k esa lfØ; :i ls Hkkx ysrs gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ;g tulkèkkj.k vkSj jktuhfrKksa osQ chp laidZ
dh çfØ;k gSA
rhljh nqfu;k osQ ns'kksa esa tulkèkkj.k vkSj jktuhfrKksa osQ laidZ dk eq[; çfreku ^lsokfFkZokn* (Clientelism) osQ
:i esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA bl ekU;rk osQ vuqlkj] fodkl'khy ns'kks esa usrkvksa (Leaders) vkSj tulkèkkj.k
(Public) dk lacaèk laj{kd (Patron) vkSj lsokFkhZ (Client) osQ lacaèkksa dk :i èkkj.k dj ysrk gSA eryc ;g fd
usrk vius çHkko dk ç;ksx djosQ vius leFkZdksa dks lqj{kk dh Hkkouk (Sense of Security) çnku djrs gSa] vkSj
ljdkj dh vksj ls mUgsa dqN cqfu;knh lqfoèkk,¡ (Basic Amenities)μ tSls fd fctyh] ikuh] jk'ku dkMZ] Ldwy]
vLirky] bR;kfnμmiyCèk djkus dh O;oLFkk djrs gSaA blosQ cnys esa muosQ leFkZd muosQ tyls&tqywl] jSfy;ksa]
bR;kfn esa lfEefyr gksus vkSj pquko osQ le; mUgsa oksV nsus dks rS;kj jgrs gSaA bl rjg okLro esa tulkèkkj.k vkSj
NksVs&cM+s usrkvksa osQ chp laj{kd&lsokFkhZ dh J`a[kyk cu tkrh gSA blosQ ekè;e ls jktuhfrd {ks=k osQ çHkko'kkyh
yksxksa dks rjg&rjg osQ fo'ks"kkfèkdkj (Privileges)μtSls fd dksVk] ifeZV] ykblsal] lfClMh vkSj BsosQ (Contracts)μ
forfjr fd, tkrs gSaA ,sls yksx vius d`ikik=kksa osQ leFkZu osQ cy ij lÙkk osQ nykyksa (Power Brokers) dh Hkwfedk
fuHkkrs gSaA bl rjg vfèkdka'k jktuhfrd xfrfofèk NksVs&cM+s usrkvksa vkSj muosQ leFkZdksa osQ chp ysus&nsu dk lkSnk
cu tkrh gS ftlls Hkz"Vkpkj dks c<+kok feyrk gSA

^lsokfFkZokn* dk fopkj vusd fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa vuqHko osQ vkèkkj ij çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA Jhyadk esa jkT; lalkèku
ftu latkrh; lewgksa (Ethnic Groups) osQ usrkvksa dh igq¡p osQ fy, vius çHkko dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA muosQ vuq;k;h
u osQoy muosQ laxBu esa lfEefyr gksrs gSa] vkSj mudh lHkkvksa esa Hkh cM+h la[;k esa mifLFkr gksrs gSa] cfYd pquko
esa Hkh lc&osQ&lc mUgsa ,d&lkFk oksV nsrs gSaA Hkkjr esa jktuhfrKksa osQ lsokFkhZ tkfr (Caste)] èkeZ (Religion)] {ks=k
;k O;olk; (Vocation) osQ vkèkkj ij mUgsa pquko esa ftrokrs gSaA bUgsa cksypky vkSj i=kdkfjrk dh Hkk"kk esa muosQ
^oksV cSad* dgk tkrk gSA tgka fuèkZurk vkSj lkekftd fo"kerk brus foLr`r Lrj ij iQSyh gks] fgr lewg vkSj
jktuhfrd ny brus detksj gksa] ogka ;fn jktuhfrK vius vlkèkkj.k O;fDrRo vkSj tksM+&rksM+ dh {kerk osQ cy
ij fdUgha fo'ks"k lewgksa dk ;Fks"V leFkZu tqVk ysa rks blesa vk'p;Z dh dksbZ ckr ugha gksuh pkfg,A

lgkjk e#LFky ls yxs vfèkdka'k vÚhdk esa Lokèkhurk&vkanksyu osQ nkSjku tu&lgHkkfxrk dks i;kZIr çksRlkgu fn;k
x;kA ijarq Lokèkhurk osQ ckn ;g ço`fÙk yqIr gks xbZA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] 1983 esa ukbthfj;k osQ vke pquko esa osQoy
,d&pkSFkkbZ ernkrkvksa us ernku fd;kA blosQ ckn rks ogka lSfud 'kklu gh LFkkfir gks x;kA lSfud 'kklu us bl
ekewyh lgHkkfxrk dks Hkh pyus ugha fn;kA
ysfVu vejhdk esa tks vkfFkZd fodkl gqvk] mlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i ,d 'kgjh eè; oxZ (Urban Middle Class)
vkSj loZgkjk oxZ (Proletariat) mHkjdj lkeus vk;kA ijarq bu ns'kksa esa :f<+oknh (Conservative) vkSj vfHktkroxhZ;
(Aristocratic) fof'k"V oxks± us bu u, oxks± dks jktuhfrd çfØ;k esa Hkkx ysus dk volj gh ugha fn;kA vfèkdka'k
ysfVu vejhdh ns'kksa esa jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk dk okrkoj.k jgk_ osQoy dksLVkjhdk vkSj osustq,yk blosQ viokn FksA
tgka xqVra=kks (Oligrachies) us lSfud 'kklu dks pqukSrh nh] ogka fuEu eè;oxks± vkSj dkexkj oxks± osQ yksdfç;
vkanksyu mHkj dj lkeus vk,A vts±Vhuk esa 1944 ls 1955 rd osQ nkSj esa ;qvku isjksa osQ lÙkkoknh 'kklu
(Authoritarian Regime) us bu oxks± dks jktuhfrd çfØ;k esa lfEefyr djus dk ç;kl fd;kA
ysfVu vejhdk osQ cgqr cM+s fgLls esa lSfud vfèkduk;dra=k (Military Dictatorship) dk yack nkSj pykA
dgha&dgha bls tu&leFkZu çkIr Fkk_ dgha ,slk ugha FkkA ijarq 1980 osQ n'kd osQ var rd vkrs&vkrs çk; laiw.kZ
ysfVu vejhdk esa vlSfud 'kklu (Civil Regimes) LFkkfir gks x,A dqN Hkh gks] ysfVu vejhdh yksdra=kksa dks

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