Page 142 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

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fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD
fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD
fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD
fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD
Rights) dk gq:'r eod/ jB. fJ; ftnt;Ek Bz{ ‘gqshfBXh b'eszso’ (REpresentative Democracy) BØN
fejk iKdk j?. ;ftNIob?Av ftu th ‘gqshfBXh b'eszso’ d/ wkfXnw Bkb Pk;B ubkfJnk iKdk j?. gozs{
T[E/ dh okiBhfse gqfeqnk (Political Process) d/ nzsors gqshfBXh b'eszso ftu gqsZy b'eszso dk g[N
j'D dk ft;fsqs isB ehsk frnk j?. t?;/ ftPt dh j'o b'eszsoh gqDkbhnK ftu'A (fit/A fe bkJhyN/ANkJhB,
;z:[es oki nwohek d/ e[M okiK, fJNbh ns/ ;b'tke rDoki ftu) th nfij/ isB j'J/ jB, gozs{
;ftNiob?Av dh iB;zfynk nB/e ;ziksh (Ethnc) ns/ Xkofwe (Religious) ;w{jK ftu tzvh j?. T[E/
w[Zy s"o s/ nbgkJhB ns/ Bkofve ikBhnK d/ b'e ofjzd/ jB. fJBQK ftu w'N/ s"o T[s/ 70# b'e iowB
GkPk p'bd/ jBl 20# cq?Au p'bd/ jBl ns/ 10# fJNkfbnB p'bd/ jB. eohp 47# b'e o'wB e?E'fbe Xow
Bz{ wzBd/ jBl eohp 44# g'qN/;N/AN jBl pkeh j'o XowK ftu nk;ek oyd/ jB. fJ; soQK d/ ;w{jK ftu
fGzB–fGzB ftfPnK T[s/ ;fjwsh j'Dk w[Pfeb j?. gozs{ fJj b'e nkgD/ wsG/dK T[s/ fInkdk pb BjhA fdzd/
pbfe ;fjtosD–w{be okiBhsh (Consociational Politics) ftu ftPtk; eod/ jB.

B'N; ;fjtosBw{be okiBhsh (Consociational Politics) nfijh okiBhsh fi; ftu ;ko/
fBoD/ e/tb pj[ws (Majority) d/ nkXko T[s/ BjhA ehs/ iKd/ pbfe fGzB–fGzB ;w{j
fwbi[b e/ fBod/ eod/ jB, ns/ fwb–tzv e/ ;~sk (Authority) dk gq:'r eod/ jB. i'
;wki iksh, Xkofwe, GkPkJh, y/soh, ;K;feqse ns/ ftukoXkokswe nkXko T[s/ fGzB–
fGzB ;w{jK ftu tzfvnk j't/, T[; ftu go;go ;dGktBk ekfJe oyD bJh nfijh
okiBhsh ;dk T[g:[es wzBh iKdh j?.

;fjtosB w{be okiBhsh d/ bJh okiBhfse fBoD/ gqfeqnk ftu BkrfoeK dh gqsZy ;fjGkfrsk (Direct
Participation) ;otEk T[g:[es f;ZX jz[dh j?. fJ; d/ bJh ;kXkoD s"o s/ d' ftXhnK dk gq:'r ehsk
iKdk j?L T[geqw (Initiative) ns/ gfofgq~Sk (Referendum). fJBQK ftu gfofgqZSk fInkdk b'efgqn j?.
T[geqw (
T[geqw (
T[geqw (
T[geqw (
T[geqw (Initiative)L)L )L)L )L T[geqw nfijh ftXh j? fi; ftu fe;/ okiBhfse fBoD/ d/ bJh p[fBnkdh g~Xo
(Grass-root level) dh P[o{nks ehsh iKdh j?, noEks fJ; ftu e'Jh ;kXkoD Bkrfoe iK BkrfoeK dk
;w{dkJ/ gq;skfts ekB{zB iK ;zftXkfBe ;zP'XB dk gqko{g (Draft) fsnko eodk j?. i/eo gzihfeqs wsdksktK
(Registered Voters) dh fBPfus ;zfynk T[; T[s/ j;skyo eo fdzdh j? sK ;oeko T[/;d/ gZy ns/ ftg~y
ftu ftXkBwzvb (Legislature) iK fBotkuewzvb (Electorate) s'A wsdkB eokT[D Bz{ wip{o j[zdh j?.
fJ; gqfeqnk d/ nzsors ;kXkoD wsdksk wBukfjnk ekBz{B pDtkT[D d/ bJh ftXkfJeK T[s/ nkfPqs BjhA
ofj iKd/ pbfe nkg th fJ; fdPk tu gfjb eo ;ed/ jB. ;ftNiob?Av ftu i/eo 1,00,000 wsdksk
;zftXkfBe ;zP'XB (Constitutional Amendment) d/ gq;skt T[s/ j;skyo eo d/D sk T[;Bz{ d' ;kb d/
nzso okPNftnkgh wsdkB d/ bJh gq;s[s eoBk io{oh j'J/rk. i/eo 50,000 wsdksk (noEks iB;zfynk
dk 0H7# fjZ;k) fe;/ ;zxh ekBz{B (Federal Law), nkfrngsh (Decree) iK dhoxekfbe ;zXh (Long-
Term Treaty) go gfofgqSk dh wzr eoD sK T[; Bz{ th d' ;b d/ nzdo okPNoftnkgh wsdkB d/ bJh
gq;s[s eoBk io{oh j't/rk. fGzB–fGzB e?ANBK B/ T[geqw d/ gq:'r bJh nkgD/–nkgD/ fBnw pDk oy/ jB.
gfofgqZSk (
gfofgqZSk (
gfofgqZSk (
gfofgqZSk ( )L
gfofgqZSk (Referendum)L )L)L )L gfofgq~Sk nfijh ftXh j? fi; ftu ;oeko iK ;z;d dh p/Bsh T[s/ fe;/
wj~stg{oB w[Zd/ T[s/ iB;kXkoD s'A wsdKB eokfJnk iKdk j. fJ;dk byP e'Jh ;zftXkfBe ;zP'XB, Bhsh–
gfotosD iK nfijk fttkdg{oB ftP/ j' ;edk j?. fi; T[s/ ftXkBwzvb nkgDk fBoD/ d/ u[fenk j't/, ns/
T[; T[Zs/ fBotkuewzvb (Electorate) dk fBoDk ng/efPs j't/. fJj w{b s"o s/ t?Xsk (Legitimacy)
gqkgs eoB dk T[gkn j?. edh–edh ftgZy (Opposition) dh eN{ nkb'uBK s'A puD d/ bJh ;oeko nkgDh
b'efgqnsk s'A bkG T[mk e/ nkgD/ fBoD/ T[s/ b'ews dh ;thfeqsh dh Skg brtkT[D d/ bJh fJ; ftXh dk
gq:'r eo ;edh j?. ;ftNiob?Av ftu gfjb/–gfjb PtkJhI Bkwe e?AN/B ftu 1294 ftu Bhsh d/ w[Zd/
T[s BkrfoeK Bkb gqsZy wsdkB eokfJnk frnk ;h. gfjbh–gfjbh okPNoftnkgh gfofgqZSk 1802 ftu

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