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fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD
fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD
fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD
fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD
fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD
• 1660 JhH okiszso dh d[pkok ;EkgBk j'Jh. ukob; d{ik rZdh s/ p?mk. fco okik ns/ ;z;d dk ;zpzX BØN
ftrVD bZrk. ukob; d/ Pk;B dh fJe wj~stg{ob xNBk 1679 JhH dk j?fpn; ekog; n?eN
(Harbeas Corpus Act, 1679) ;h. ukob; d/ pknd i/w; d{ik okirZdh s/ nkfJnk. uou d/ ekoB
;z;d Bkb T[;dh bVkJh fSV rJh. cb;o{g 1688 JhH ftu ‘wjkB eqKsh’ (Glorious Revolution)
j'Jh ns/ ;N{noN dk nzs j' frnk.
• nfXeko–g~so (1689 JhH) se fpqfNP ;zftXkfBe fJfsjk; d/ ftek; d/ phiko'gD dk :[r ;h. T[; ;w/
A se ;zftXkB d/ w'be sZsK dh BhAj g? u[eh ;h. fJ;/ BhAj T[s/ ;zftXkB dk ftPkb GtB yVk j'fJnk.
1689 JhH d/ pknd dk :[r fJ;/ GtB–fBowkD dh ejkDh j?.
• ;skoQthA ;dh d/ nzfsw dPe ftu pj[s/ pzXBK d/ pkti{d okik PeshPkbh pfDnk fojk. f;XKs ftu
;z;d dh ;otT[Zusk wzBh ik u[eh ;h, gozs{ fJ; Bz{ ftjkoe o{g d/D ftu efmBkJh j' ojh ;h.
ftfbnw ns/ w?oh dh okieh BhshnK ns/ ezwK T[s/ ;ys fBnzsoD fojk. gozs{, nmkoQthA ;dh d/
nkozG ftu mhe ;w/A B/ gbNk ykXk.
• okik tk;sfte Pk;B Bk fojk, T[j ;zftXkfBe gqXkB pD frnk. T[j f;oc oki eoD bZrk Pk;B
BjhA. ;ko/ T[ZsokfXekohnK B/ fJ; fBnw dk gkbB ehsk.

• nmkoQthA ;dh d/ wZX se nfijh ;z;Ek dk iBw j'fJnk i' iBszso dk gqw[Zy nzr pD rJh. fJj
;z;Ek wzsoh gfoPd ;h. j'bh–j'bh tk;sfte gqPk;eh Pesh ;z;d d/ gqsh fIzw/tko fJedbhJ/
wzsohgfoPd d/ jZE ftu nk rJh. nzs ftu, iBsk dh gqshfBXh ;Gk ‘ekwB ;Gk’ d/ jZE ftu
d/P dh nzsw Pesh nkJh ns/ wzsoh wzvb T[;d/ gqsh ;w{je o{g Bkb fizw/tko j'fJnk.
• wzsoh wzvb d/ ;w{je fizw/tko dh ftjkoe ;cbsk d/ bJh B/sk dh io{os ;h, gozs{ pj[s fdBK se
fe;h B/ fJ; ;EkB Bz{ rqfjD BjhA ehsk.

• ;zftXkB d/ ;w[fus frnkB d/ bJh T[;dk fJfsjk;e frnkB io{oh j?. nfXn?B dh ;[ftXk d/ bJh
;zftXkB d/ ftek; B{z uko fjZf;nK ftu tzfvnk ik ;edk j? – (1) T[gfBt/PheoD (Colonization),
(2) ;[szsosk (Independence), (3) okiwzvb (Confederation) ns/ (4) ;zftXkB (Constitution).

• nwoheh T[gfBt/PK dh j'o gqw[Zy ;EkJh ftP/Psk ;EkBe ;z;EKtk ;h. nkX[fBe ekb dh ;EkBe
;z;EktK dk fJZE'A jh nkozG j[zdk j?. fBT[ fJzrb?Av dh gqw[Zy d/D PfjoK ftu gqsZy gqikszso ;h.
• ;ftNiob?Av dk nkozGe fJfsjk; ikshnK d/ nktkrwB dk fJfj;k; j?. nr;s, 1291 Bz{ fszB ;[szso
ns/ ;zgqG{ okiK B/ ‘;EkJh ;zx’ dh ;EkgBk ehsh. tk;st ftu ;ftNiohb?Av dk iBw j'fJnk. ;zx
dh ;EkgBk ftu eJh ;" ;kb fJ;d/ ft;sko ns/ fdqVsk d/ ;kb ;B.
• 1848 JhH d/ ;zftXkB dk fBowkD ‘nw/foek d/ ;zftXkB Bz{ nkdoP wzB e/ ehsk frnk ;h. fJj e?ANBK
dh gqG[;Zsk ;zx dh tXdh j'Jh Pesh d/ ftu ;wM"s/ dk Bshik ;h. fJ; ;zftXkB d[nkok fJj isB
ehsk frnk fe e?ANB T[; jd se gqG[oki pD/ ofjD fi~E/ se fe ;zxh ;zftXkB T[BQK Bz{ gqG[;Zsk gqdkB
eo ;e/.

• uhBh ;kwtkdhnK dk efjDk j? fe T[BQK ;zftXkB fJfsj; Bkb r{V/ o{g Bkb ;zpzXs j?l T[j fJfsjk;e
nB[Gt T[s/ nkXkos j?. bhU PkU–uh B/ fejk ;h fe uhB dk toswkB ;zftXkB “uhBh iBsk d/
fJe Pskpdh s'A fInkdk eqKshekoh ;zxoP ns/ nkX[fBeekbhB uhBh ;zftXkBtkd d/ fJfsjk;e nB[Gt
dk Bshik j?.”
• ;kwtkdh Pk;B dh ;EkgBk d/ s[ozs pknd fe;h ;zftXkB dk fBowkD BjhA ehsk frnk. Pk;B
ftnt;Ek d/ ;zukbB d/ bJh fJe nkw g'qrokw (Common Programme) Bz{ ngDkfJnk frnk fi;B/
gzi ;kbK se n;EkJh ;zftXkB (Provision Constitution) d/ o{g ftu ezw ehsk. nkw g'qrokw dk
okiBhfse ;bkjdksk ;zw/bB
okiBhfse ;bkjdksk ;zw/bB
fBowkD uhBh iBtkdh okiBhfse ;bkjdksk ;zw/bBokiBhfse ;bkjdksk ;zw/bB (Chinese People's Politial Consultative
okiBhfse ;bkjdksk ;zw/bB
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

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