Page 145 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
BØN Conference) Bkwe ;z;Ek d[nkok j'fJnk. fJj fJe fyuVh ;z;Ek ;h. fi; ftu ;kwtkdh db d/ Bkb
ftfGzB okiBhfse dbK, b'e ;zrmBK, iBPesh ;?Bk ns/ ;w[zdo gko uhBhnK d/ gqshfBXh Pkwb ;B.
• ;bkjdksk ;zw/bB B/ fszB gqb/yK dk fBowkD ehsk – (e) nkw gaq'rokw (A Common Programme)
(y) ;bkjdksk ;zw/bB dk ;kt:t fBnw (An Organic Law of the CPPCC) ns/ (r) e/Adoh
;oeko dk ;kt:t fBnw (An Organic Law of the Central People's Government)
• fszBK gqb/yK ftu nkw g'qrokw ;G s'A fInkdk wj~stg{oB ;h. fJ; ftu nKsfoe Pk;Bekb d/ bJh
noEks ;wkitkd dh gqkgsh se d/ bJh, w"fbe T[d/PK dk T[b/y ehsk frn ;h. gq;sktBk ftu fejk
frnk ;h uhB dk okiBhfse nkXko ‘BthB gqikszso’ (New Democracy) j? fiBQK dk T[g:'r
‘iBsKsfoe nfXBkfJeszso’ (People Democratic Dictatorship) d[nkok ehsk ikJ/rk.
• d;zpo 1993 d/ ;zftXkB d/ nzsors o{; ftu ;zxh rDoki;zxh rDoki
;zxh rDoki
;zxh rDoki
;zxh rDoki (Federal Republic) dh ;EkgBk ehsh
o{;h ;zx
o{;h ;zx
rJh. ;' fJ; d/P dk nkfXekfoe Bkw o{;h ;zxo{;h ;zx (Russian Federation) j?. fJ; ;zx ftu 21
o{;h ;zx
rDoki (Republics), 49 gqPk;fBe nzub (Administrative Regions), 6 gqKs (Provinces), 10
;tkfJ~s iBgd (Autonomous District) ns/ d' ;zxh Bro (Federal Cities) – wk;e' ns/ ;?AN
ghNo;por Pkwb jB. fJ; soQK o{;h ;zx e[b fwbk e/ 89 gqPk;fBe fJekJhnK (Administrative
Units) Bkb pfDnk j?.
• Pk;B gqDkbh d/ g~Xo T[s/ fJE/ w[yh dh gqDkbhw[yh dh gqDkbh (Presidential System) ns/ ;z;dh gqDkbh;z;dh gqDkbh
w[yh dh gqDkbh
w[yh dh gqDkbh
;z;dh gqDkbh
;z;dh gqDkbh
;z;dh gqDkbh
w[yh dh gqDkbh
dk fwPoD
dk fwPoD
dk fwPoD
(Parliamentary System) dk fwPoDdk fwPoD fsnko eoB dk isB ehsk frnk j?. w[yh gqDkbh dh soQK
okPNogsh (President) dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j?, ns/ ;z;dh gqDkbh dh
okPNogsh
okPNogsh
fJE/ fJe PeshPkbh okPNogsh okPNogsh
;zxh ;Gk
soQK fJZE/ fJe PeshPkbh ;z;d;z;d (Parliament) dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j? fi;Bz{ ;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk
;zxh ;Gk
;zxh ;Gk
;z;d
;z;d
;z;d
(Federal Assembly) fejk iKdk j?.
• o{; ftu ftXkfJek (Legislature) d/ feqs ;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk
;zxh ;Gk
;zxh ;Gk (Federal Assembly) dk ;"Ag/ rJ/ jB. fJ;
;zxh ;Gk
;N/N fvT{wk
ftu d' ;dB (Chambers) oy/ rJ/ jB. nt;o (Lower House) Bz{ ;N/N fvT{wk;N/N fvT{wk fejk iKdk j?.
;N/N fvT{wk
;N/N fvT{wk
fJ; ftu 450 w?ApoK dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j?. T[Zuso ;dB (Upper House) B{z ;zxh gfoPd;zxh gfoPd
;zxh gfoPd
;zxh gfoPd
;zxh gfoPd
(Federal Council) fejk iKdk j?. fJ; ftu 178 w?ApoK dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j? ;N/N fvT{wk
d/ 225 w?Apo f;~X/ fJew?Apoh y/soK (Single-Member Constituencies) s'A uko ;kb d/ bJh u[D/
iKd/ jB. fJ; u'D ftu pj[wsgqDkbh (Plurality System) ngDkJh iKdh j? .
• ;zxh gfoPd d/ nzsors o{;h ;zx dh 89 gqPk;fBe fJekJhnK ftu'A jo/e d/ d'–d' gqshfBXh Pkwb
j[zd/ jB fi; Bkb fJ; gfoPd d/ w?ApoK dh ;zfynk 178 j' iKdh j?. fe;/ th rDoki iK nzub d/
gqshfBXh T[ZE/ dh ekoigkfbek (Executive) ns/ ftXkfJek d/ w[yh j'D/ ukjhd/ jB.
• ;kXkoD s"o s/ e'Jh th ftX/ne P[o{–P[o{ ftu ;N/N fvT{wk ftu gk; j'D s'A pknd jo/e ftX/ne B{z
;zxh gfoPd d/ e'b G/iDk ukjhdk. i/eo ;zxh gfoPd fe;/ ftX/ne B{z n;theko eo dt/ sK T[j d'–
fsjkJh [pj[ws Bkb T[; ftX/ne B{z d[pkok gk; eoe/ T[Zu ;dB dh fJZSk dh ntj/bBk eo ;edh j?.
nfijh jkbs ftu T[; ftX/ne B{z ;z;d d[nkok gk; wzfBnk ikt/rk.
• ;zftXkB ftek;Phb j[zd/ jB. fJ;h gq;zr ftu j/Bdh w/B (Henry Maine) B/ fejk ;h fe ;zftXkB
fBofws BjhA nfgs{ ftef;s j[zd/ jB. T[; T[esh ftu ;~u dh wksqk i' th j't/ fJzBk sK ;ot wkBsk
tkbk j? jh fe e'Jh th ;zftXkB nkgD/ nzfsw, o{g B{z gqkgs BjhA eo gkfJnk j? ns/ ftek; d/ :'r
j?. bkov pqkrjw B/ fejk ;hL “i/ ;zftXkB dk e'Jh w[Zb j? sK T[BQK Bz{ ftef;s j'Dk ukjhdk, T[BQK dhnK
iVQK th j[zdhnK jB, T[j ged/ jB, fdqV jz[d/ jB.” noE fJj j? fe wkBt ;wki ftek;Phb j?,
;w/A d/ Bkb jh wB[Zy dh io{osK ns/ gfo;fEshnK pdbdhnK ofjzdhnK jB.
• nkX[fBe fbfys ;zftXkB ftu nwoheh ;zftXkB ;G s'A fInkdk g[okDk ;zftXkB j?. fJ;dk fBowkD
brGr d' ;" ;kb gfjbk j'fJnk ;h gozs{ nZi th i/ w/vh;B ns/ j?fwbNB Xosh s/ nkT[D sK fJ;
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