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lkekftd lajpuk ,oa lkekftd ifjorZu
la;qDr ifjokj fdls dgrs gSa\
uksV
3- vkS|ksxhdj.k (Industrialization)
mUuhloha 'krkCnh osQ vUr rFkk chloha 'krkCnh osQ izFke esa Hkkjr esa vkS|ksxhdj.k izkjEHk gks x;k FkkA u;s
m|ksxksa osQ pkjksa vksj 'kgjksa dk fodkl gqvkA vkS|ksxhdj.k ls iwoZ gekjs ikl ;g O;oLFkk Fkhμ(i) Ñf"kd
veqnzkghu (non-monetized) vFkZO;oLFkk (ii) rduhdh dk og Lrj tgka ?kjsyw bdkbZ vkfFkZd fofue;
dh bdkbZ Hkh Fkh] (iii) firk&iq=k o HkkbZ&HkkbZ osQ chp O;kolkf;d Hksn ugha Fkk] (iv) ,d ,slh ewY; O;oLFkk
Fkh tgka ;qfDrlaxrrk (v) osQ ekunaM dh vis{kk cqtqxks± dk lÙkk vkSj ijEijkvksa dh ifo=krk nksuksa dks gh
egRo fn;k tkrk FkkA ysfdu vkS|ksxhdj.k us gekjs lekt esa lkekU; :i ls vkfFkZd o lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd
ifjorZu rFkk fo'ks"k :i ls ifjokj esa ifjorZu fd;k gSA vkfFkZd {ks=k esa blosQ ;s ifj.kke gq, gSaμdk;Z
fo'ks"kKrk] O;kolkf;d xfr'khyrk] vFkZ O;oLFkk dk nzO;hdj.k (monetization)] rFkk O;kolkf;d
lajpukvksa o ukrsnkjh osQ chp osQ lEcU/ksa dk VwV tkukA lkekftd {ks=k esa bldk ifj.kke gqvk gSμxzkeh.k
{ks=kksa ls 'kgjh {ks=kksa eas vkxeu] f'k{kk dk izlkj vkSj ,d etcwr jktuSfrd <k¡pkA lkaLÑfrd {ks=k ls blls
(vkS|ksxhdj.k ls) /eZ fujis{krk osQ fopkj dk fodkl gqvk gSA
ikfjokfjd laxBu ij vkS|ksxhdj.k osQ tks rhu eq[; izHkko gq, gSa] os gSaμ(1) ifjokj tks fd mRiknu dh
,d iz/ku bdkbZ Fkh] vc miHkksx dh bdkbZ osQ :i esa cny x;k gSA ,d ,dhÑr vkfFkZd O;oLFkk esa
yxs ifjokj osQ lHkh lnL;ksa osQ ,d lkFk dke djus dh ctk;] ifjokj osQ oqQN iq#"k lnL; ifjokj dh
thfodk pykus osQ fy, ckgj pys tkrs gSaA blls u osQoy la;qDr ifjokj dk ijEijkxr Lo:i gh izHkkfor
gqvk gS] cfYd lnL;ksa osQ chp osQ lEcU/ HkhA (2) iSQfDVª;ksa esa ukSdjh osQ dkj.k ;qod vius iSr`d ifjokjksa
ij lh/s fuHkZj ugha jgrsA osru feyus ls D;ksafd os vkfFkZd :i ls Lora=k gSa] vr% ifjokj osQ eqf[k;k dh
lÙkk% esa vkSj Hkh deh vkbZ gSA 'kgjksa eas rks iq#"kksa osQ lkFk&lkFk mudh ifRu;ksa us Hkh /u vtZu djuk
'kq: dj fn;k gSA blls vUr% ikfjokfjd lEcU/ksa ij izHkko iM+k gSA (3) cPps vc vkfFkZd :i ls vkfLr
(asset) u gksdj ns; (liability) cu x;s gSaA ;|fi oS/kfud n`f"V ls cky&Je oftZr gS] fiQj Hkh cPpksa
dh Jfedksa osQ :i esa fu;qfDr rFkk muosQ lkFk nqO;Zogkj esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA lkFk gh f'k{kk dh c<+rh gqbZ
vko';drk dks ns[krs gq, ekrk&firk ij fuHkZjrk esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA 'kgjksa esa vkokl egaxk gS vkSj cPpksa
dh ns[kHkky Hkh le; ekaxrh gSA vr% vkS|ksxhdj.k osQ dkj.k dk;Z vkSj ?kj ,d&nwljs ls i`Fkd gks x;s
gSaA
oqQN lekt'kkfL=k;ksa us vkS|ksxhdj.k osQ dkj.k ,dkadh ifjokj osQ mn; osQ fl¼kUr dks gky gh esa pqukSrh
nh gSA ;g pqukSrh vuqHkokfJr (empirical) vè;;uksa ij vk/kfjr gSA ,e-,l-,s- jko ,e-,l-xksjs rFkk
feYVu ¯lxj tSls fo}kuksa osQ vè;;u ;g izdV djrs gSa fd la;qDrrk dks O;kikfjd leqnk;ksa esa vfèkd
ojh;rk nh tkrh gS vkSj ;g izpfyr Hkh gS vkSj cgqr ls ,dkdh ifjokj ukrsnkjh osQ cU/uksa dks Hkh cgqr
foLr`r :i ls lqjf{kr j[krs gSaA if'pe osQ vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa osQ vusd vè;;u bl ckr ij cy nsrs gSa
fd ukrsnkjksa dh ,d leFkZudkjh Hkwfedk gksrh gS vkSj ;s ifjokj vkSj viSlfDrd (impersonal) o`gr
fo'o osQ chp ,d eè;orhZ (buffer) dk dk;Z djrs gSa (Abbi : 1970)A lkekftd bfrgkldkjksa us Hkh
crk;k gS fd vkS|ksxhdj.k ls iwoZ Hkh vesfjdk o ;wjksi esa ,dkdh ifjokj lkaLÑfrd ekun.M osQ :i
esa izpfyr FkkA ysfdu ;g è;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd ukrsnkjksa dh leFkZudkjh Hkwfedk dk dksbZ vfuok;Z y{k.k
82 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
