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lef"V&vFkZ'kkL=k osQ fl¼kar
uksV gks ldrh FkhA izfrfufèkRo i=k eqnzk osQ nks"kksa dks nwj djus gsrq vkuqikfrd fofèk dks viuk;k x;kA lu~ 1956
rd fjtoZ cSad] vkuqikfrd dks"k iz.kkyh (Proportional Reserve System) osQ vkèkkj ij uksV tkjh djrk FkkA
bl iz.kkyh osQ vuqlkj oqQy uksVksa osQ ewY; dk 40» Hkkx lksus] pk¡nh] fons'kh izfrHkwfr;ksa rFkk fons'kh eqnzkvksa esa
j[kk tkrk FkkA lu~ 1956 osQ i'pkr~ U;wure fufèk iz.kkyh (Minimum Reserve System) viukbZ xbZA bl fofèk
osQ vuqlkj] fj”koZ cSad dks 200 djksM+ #i, dh U;wure fufèk j[kuk dkuwuh rkSj ij vfuok;Z dj fn;k x;k gS]
ftlesa 115 djksM+ #i, dk lksuk pkfg,A bl izdkj 200 djksM+ #- dh U;wure fufèk osQ vkèkkj ij fjtoZ cSad
fdlh Hkh lhek rd uksV tkjh dj ldrk gSA ;g iz.kkyh cgqr yksp'khy gS ¯drq blesa lnk vR;fèkd uksVksa osQ
izlkj dk Mj cuk jgrk gSA djsalh uksV ifjoZru'khy vFkok vifjorZu'khy gks ldrs gSaA ifjorZu'khy i=k eqnzk
osQ varxZr ekSfnzd vfèkdkjh dks fLFkj nj ij uksVksa dk èkkrq esa ifjorZu djuk gksrk gSA vifjorZu'khy i=k eqnzk
osQ varxZr] osaQnzh; cSad (ekSfnzd vfèkdkjh) dkxth uksVksa dks lkaosQfrd flDdksa ;k vU; uksVksa esa cnyus dh
xkj.Vh nsrk gS] ysfdu lksus ;k pk¡nh esa cnyus dh ughaA orZeku le; esa] lalkj osQ lHkh ns'kksa esa uksV tkjh
djus dh vifjorZu'khy fofèk gh izpfyr gSA uksV okLro esa izfrKk&i=k (Promissory Notes) gksrs gSaA
ekSfnzd vfèkdkjh buosQ cnys esa flDosQ ;k vU; uksV nsus dh izfrKk djrk gSA bl fofèk osQ iQyLo:i ekSfnzd
uhfr rFkk ekSfnzd izcaèk dk egÙo cgqr c<+ x;k gSA vc uksVksa dks tkjh djuk lksus ;k pk¡nh osQ LVkWd ij fuHkZj
ugha djrkA uksVksa dh iw£r ;k fuèkkZj.k ekSfnzd vfèkdkjh }kjk vFkZO;oLFkk dh t:jr dks è;ku esa j[k dj fd;k
tkrk gSA
(2) ek¡x tek,¡ (Demand Deposits)
lHkh ns'kksa esa yksx vius èku dks cSadksa esa tek djkrs gSaA cSad tek,¡ nks izdkj dh gksrh gSaµ
(i) fuf'prdkyhu tek,¡ rFkk (ii) ek¡x ;k pkyw tek,¡A fuf'prdkyhu tek,¡ ,d fuf'pr vofèk osQ fy, gksrh
gSaA bu tekvksa dks psd }kjk fudyok;k ugha tk ldrkA ¯drq ek¡x tekvksa dh jkf'k dks tekdrkZ }kjk dHkh Hkh
fudyok;k tk ldrk gSA vr% ek¡x tek osQ :i esa jkf'k mruh gh rjy gksrh gS ftruh eqnzkA if'peh ns'kksa esa
90» Hkqxrku cSadksa }kjk fd, tkrs gSaA Hkkjr esa Hkh ek¡x vFkok pkyw tek dk egÙo fujarj c<+rk tk jgk gSA
pkyw ;k ek¡x tek [kkrs ls psd }kjk Hkqxrku djuk cgqr lqjf{kr rFkk lqfoèkktud gSA psd }kjk Hkqxrku bl dkj.k
lqfoèkktud gS D;ksafd psdksa }kjk tek jkf'k dh fdruh Hkh jde fudyok;h tk ldrh gSA Å¡ps ewY; okys uksVksa
dk iz;ksx vlqjf{kr gks ldrk gSA psd }kjk Hkqxrku dk cSadksa osQ ikl lcwr gksrk gS D;ksafd bUgsa cSad osQ [kkrksa
esa ntZ fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn Hkqxrku lacaèkh dksbZ fookn mRiUu gks tk, rks tk¡p }kjk bldk fuiVkjk gks tkrk gSA
osQU”k us viuh iqLrd “A Treatise on Money” (1930) esa eqnzk dh iw£r eas ek¡x tekvksa dks Hkh lfEefyr
fd;k gSA ml le;] ikoZQj foYl (Parker Wills) tSls vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us bl ij vkifÙk mBk;h FkhA ¯drq orZeku
le; esa yxHkx lHkh ns'kksa esa ek¡x tekvksa dks eqnzk dh iw£r esa lfEefyr fd;k tkus yxk gS D;ksafd oLrqvksa rFkk
lsokvksa dks ek¡x tekvksa }kjk Hkh [kjhnk tk ldrk gSA ¯drq ;g ckr mYys[kuh; gS fd psd }kjk Hkqxrku dks
Lohdkj djuk dkuwuh rkSj ij vfuok;Z ugha gSA dksbZ Hkh O;fDr psd ysus ls badkj dj ldrk gSA ¯drq eqnzk osQ
:i esa Hkqxrku djuk ,d dkuwuh vfuok;Zrk gSA
cSad muosQ ikl tek djk;h xbZ eqnzk osQ vkèkkj ij mèkkj nsrs gSaA vius vuqHko ls cSadksa dks bl ckr dk Kku
gksrk gS fd lHkh tekdrkZ ,d gh le; viuh oqQy tek,¡ ugha fudyokrsA vr% ;fn os oqQy tekvksa dk ,d
fuf'pr vuqikr vius ikl udn j[k ysa vkSj 'ks"k jkf'k Í.k osQ :i esa ns nsa rks oks tekdrkZvksa dh t:jrksa dks
iwjk dj ldrs gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd cSad bl fLFkfr esa gksrs gSa fd ftruh oqQy tek jkf'k;k¡ muosQ ikl gksrh
gSa muls dbZ xq.kk vfèkd os yksxksa dks mèkkj ns ldrs gSaA cSadksa dh bl fØ;k dks lk[k fuekZ.k (Credit Creation)
dgrs gSaA cSadksa }kjk fu£er lk[k dks Hkh eqnzk dh iw£r esa lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA D;ksafd ;g ek¡x tek dk ,d
Hkkx gksrh gSaA
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