Page 171 - DECO402_MACROECONOMIC_THEORY_PUNJABI

iekweI–17: mudrw guxk Aqy vixijXk bYkW rwhI swK inrmwx

17.7 pRiqXogI bYNikg Aqy swK ivsqwr È؇
(Competitive Banking and Credit Expansion)

sNXukq stowk kMpinAW ijvyN vwixijAk bYNk vI lwB dy leI kMm krdy hn[ swK ivsqwr idRStIkox dy Anuswr
vwixijAk bYNk swK ivsqwr mwiDAm nwl Awpxy lwB nUM sBqoN v`D krdy hn[ pr swK ivsqwr hmySw sMBv
nhI ho skdw jykr vwixijAk bYNk lokW dI pRwQimk jmw Aqy nkd jmw dy Awaux dI aumId krxgy[ jykr
lok AwpxI pRwQimk jmw iv`c virDI krx dw PYslw lYxgy qW vwixijAk bYNk Awpxy dusry jmw dI virDI kr
skxgy[bYNk lokW dI pRwQimk jmw dI shwieqw nwl dujy jmw iv`c virDI Aqy swK dw ivsqwr krdy hn[ pr
vrqmwn pRiqXogI Xug iv`c vwixijAk bYNk Awpxy PwXdy nUM sbqoN v`D krx dy leI Aqy swK ivsqwr krx dy
leI dujy qrIky dI koiSS krdy hn[ bYNk Awpxy kol hdooN v`d AwrkiSq koS (Excess Reserves) rKdy hn jo
ik mudrw bwzwr iv`c vD`dI hoeI swK jrurq nUM pUrw krdw hY[ swK iv`c ivsqwr Aqy lwB iv`c virDI krx dy
leI vwixijAk bYNk AwpxI rxnIiq dI Xojnw mudrw bwjwr dI mMg Aqy pUriq pRwclW dy Anuswr krdy hn[
pRRiqXogI bYNkIg ivvsQw iv`c bYNkW dI swK dI mwqrw krz dI mMg Aqy krz dI pUrqI rwhIN inrDwirq huMdI hY[
krz dI mMg pRcilq ibAwz dr qy inrBr krdI hY Aqy krz dI pUriq jmw dI mwqrw Aqy ibAwj dr AMqrwl
(Spread of Interest Rate) (bYNk lokw qoN jmw svIkwr krx dy leI ikMnI ibAwj dr idMdy hn Aqy lokW nMU
krz dyx qy ikMnI ibAwz dr vsuldy hn iesdw AMqr ibAwj dr AMqrwl hY) qy inrBr krdI hY[ibAwz dr
AMqrwl krz pUrqI ryKw Aqy jmw pUrqI ryKw rwhIN inrDwirq huMdw hY[krz dI mMg ibAwz dr dy nwl ivpirq
rUp qo sMbiDq hY[ hdoN v`D ibAwz dr krz dI mMg nUM Gtw idMdw hY Aqy G`t ibAwz dr krz dI mMg nUM vDwauNdw
hY[ ies qrW krz mMg vk`r Q`ly nUM ifgx vwlI iek ryKw huMdI hY[ krz dI pUrqI Aqy jmw dI pUrqI ibAwz
dr dy nwl pRiqAkS rUp nwl sMbiDq hY[ aucI ibAwj dr qy bYNk v`D krz pUrqI krdw hY Aqy lok v`D nkd
bYNk iv`c jmw krdy hn[ dovyN krz pUrqI Aqy jmw pUrqI ryKwdw Flwx au`qy v`l nUM huMdw hY[
icq`r 16.2 iv`c S krz pUrqI ryKw Aqy S jmw pUrqI ryKw hY[ D krz dw mMg vk`r hY[ sMquilq ibAwz
L d L
dr Or hY ijQy D = S [ ieh auh ibAwj dr hY jo bYNk lokW qoN krz pRdwn krx dy leI pRwpq krdw hY[Or
L L 1
ibAwj dr auh ibAwz dr hY jo bYNk lokW nUM jmw rkm qy idMdy hn[ dovyN ibAwj dr dw AMqr rr ( ibAwj dr
1
AMqrwl) bYNkW rwhIN krz pUrqI mwqrw dw inrxw krdw hY[
icq`r iv`c ibAwj dr AMqrwl nUM siQr miNnMAw igAw hY[ iesleI krz pUriq vk`r Aqy jmw pUrqI vk`r
prspr smwnWqr hn[ bYNkW rwhI krz pUrqI dI mwqrw ibAwj dr AMqrwl Aqy jmw pUrqI qy inrBr krdI
hY[ bySk jdoN mudrw bwjwr iv`c qyjI dI siQqI pweI jWdI hY qW krizNAW dI pUrqI Aqy krizNAW dI mMg nUM
smwXoijq krxdy leI bYNkW dy hdoN v`D AwrkiSq koS (Excess Reserves) dI Buimkw bhuq mhq`vpUrx huMdI hY[

17.8 kI bYNk hikk`q iv`c swK dw inrmwx krdy hn?
(Do Banks Really Create Credit?)

ArQSwsqirAW iv`c ies sMbD iv`c m`qByd pwieAw jWdw
hY ik ,kI vwkeI ivc swK dw inrmwx bYNk krdy hn
jW jmwkrqw krdy hn[vwltr lIP Aqy kYnn (Walter
Leaf and Canon) dw ieh mq hY ik bYNk Awp swK dw
inrmwx nhIN krdy[ swK inrmwx dw kMm jmwkrqw krdy
hn jo AwpxI jmw rwhIN bYNkW nUM modirk swDn pRdwn
krdy hn [bYNkW rwhIN ies jmw dw iek Bwg krj dy rUp
iv`c idq`w jWdw hY[ ieh krz swK inrmwx iv`c shwiek
huMdy hn[ jykr jmwkrqw Awpxw DMn bYNkW iv`c jmw nw
krvwey qW bYNk swK dw inrmwx nhIN kr pwauxgy[ bYNkW
dI qulnw iek klwk rUMm (Cloak Room) nwl kIqI jw icqr 17.2

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