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Hkkjrh; vkfFkZd uhfr
uksV fodkl dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, visf{kr cM+h Í.k {kerk dk irk yxkus vkSj foÙkh; O;oLFkk djus osQ fy,
dne mBkus dh vko';drk gSA
• Ñf"k mRikndrk vkSj ykHkizn c<+kus esa vk'oLr vkSj ykHkizn foi.ku volj iznku djuk lrr izxfr dk
eq[; igyw gSA
• pkj Ñf"k chek ;kstuk,a uker% jk"Vªh; Ñf"k chek ;kstuk (NAIS)] izk;ksfxd la'kksf/r NAIS (MNAIS)]
izk;ksfxd tksf[ke vk/kfjr iQly chek ;kstuk (WBCIS)] vkSj izk;ksfxd ukfj;y rkM+ chek ;kstuk (CPIS)
dk ns'k esa dk;kZUo;u fd;k tk jgk gSA
• dkWUVªSDV [ksrh oSls rks Hkkjr osQ fy, ubZ ugha gSA lcls igys 1920 osQ n'kd esa vkbZVhlh us rackowQ dh [ksrh
ls bldh 'kq:vkr dh FkhA daiuh us vka/z izns'k osQ xqVwj vkSj izdk'ku ftykesa esa Ýy;q D;ksMZ o£tfu;k
rackowQ (flxjsV dk rackowQ) mitkus osQ fy, fdlkuksa dks rduhd nsdj dkWUVªSDV [ksrh djkbZ FkhA mlosQ igys
Hkkjr esa chM+h vkSj gqDosQ esa vke vkus okyk rackowQ gh iSnk gksrk FkkA
13-3 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
• iqucZgkyhμfiQj ls fu;qfDr djukA
• iQ£VykbtjμmoZjd
• dkWUVSDVμvuqca/
13-4 vH;kl&iz'u ( Review Questions)
1. Hkkjrh; Ñf"k osQ rRdkyhu eqn~ns dh foLr`r foospuk dhft,A
2. Hkkjr esa Ñf"k ,oa fdlkuksa dh fLFkfr dk o.kZu dhft,A
3. vuqca/ Ñf"k ij ,d fuca/ fyf[k,A
4. fuEufyf[kr ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k,μ
(i) jk"Vªh; Ñf"k fodkl ;kstuk
(ii) moZjd vkSj lfClMh uhfr
(iii) Í.k vkSj chek
(iv) Ñf"k chek
mÙkj % Lo&ewY;kadu (Answers: Self Assessment)
1 (x) 2 (x) 3 (d) 4 ([k)
5 (d) 6 (?k) 7 (d)
13-5 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
1- fodkl fu;kstu ,oa uhfr;k¡μ oh-lh- flUgk] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyosQ'kUl] vkxjkA
2- Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkkμ :nz nÙk osQ-ih-,e- lqUnje] ,l-pUn ,.M dEiuh fy-] fnYyhA
3- Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk fodkl ,oa vk;kstuμ ,-,u- vxzoky] fo'o izdk'ku] fnYyhA
190 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY