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bdkbZ—18% lkoZtfud {ks=k dh leL;k;sa ,oa eqís

• lkoZtfud {ks=k dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ leL;k ;g gS fd vkS|ksfxd izfr"Bkuksa dh visf{kr Lok;Ùkrk vkSj uksV

lkoZtfud vfèkdkfj;ksa }kjk mu ij fu;a=k.k dh vko';drk osQ chp Lo:Fk ,oa leqfpr lek;kstu fdl
rjg fd;k tk,A
• vusd dkj.kksa ls lkoZtfud m|eksa dh ykHkdkfjrk vkSj dk;ZoqQ'kyrk esa o`f¼ ykuk t:jh gSA ,d rks ;g
lkekU;r% lHkh Lohdkj djrs gSa fd vkjEHk esa visf{kr iwath ljdkj }kjk yxk nh tkus osQ ckn bu m|eksa
dks bruk ykHk v£tr dj ysuk pkfg, fd os mlh osQ cy ij viuk foLrkj dj losaQA
• ns'k esa lkoZtfud m|eksa dks u osQoy vius fodkl&foLrkj osQ fy,] cfYd ;kstukvksa osQ fy, lk/u tqVkus
osQ mís'; ls Hkh ykHk dekus osQ fy, iz;kl djuk pkfg,A dkiQh yEcs le; ls ,slk ugha gks ik;k gS ftlosQ
dkj.k lkoZtfud m|eksa dh dM+h vkykspuk dh tkrh jgh gSA
• lkoZtfud m|eksa dk dk;Z&fu"iknu lUrks"ktud ugha jgk gSA buesa ls igyh ckr gS oqQy fuos'k esa Í.k dk cgqr
vf/d vuqikrA blls m|e ij fuf'pr C;kt pqdk, tkus osQ dkj.k LFkk;h :i ls ,d cM+k cks> yn tkrk gSA
• lkoZtfud m|eksa dh ykHkdkfjrk vkSj dk;Z&oqQ'kyrk osQ bl foospu ls Li"V gS fd de ykHkdkfjrk dk
iwjk nks"k bu m|eksa ij gh ugha Fkksik tk ldrkA le; feyus ij buesa ls vusd cqjkb;ka nwj gks ldrh gSaA
fiQj Hkh dbZ izdkj osQ mik; viukdj budh ykHkdkfjrk o dk;ZoqQ'kyrk dks c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA
• lkoZtfud m|eksa dh dk;Z&oqQ'kyrk vkSj ykHkdkfjrk c<+kus osQ fy, izcU/u] ifj;kstuk] dPpk eky] foÙk]
vkS|ksfxd lEcU/ vkfn fofHkUu ekspsZ ij ,d lkFk mik; viukus gksaxsA

18-3 'kCndks'k (Keywords)

• vkS|ksxsrjμm|ksx ls gVdj] m|ksx osQ vfrfjDr_

• vkuq"kafxdμvkils vki ?kfVr gksus okyk] lgorhZA
18-4 vH;kl&iz'u ( Review Questions)

1. Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud {ks=k dh leL;k rFkk eqn~ns ij ,d foLr`r ys[k fyf[k,A
2. lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ laca/ esa ljdkj dh orZeku uhfr dk mYys[k dhft,A

mÙkj% Lo&ewY;kadu (Answers: Self Assessment)

1. rhu 2. vf/'ks"k 3. iwath m|ksx 4. dherksa
5. ljdkj

18-5 lanHkZ iqLrosQa (Further Readings)

1- fodkl fu;kstu ,oa uhfr;k¡μ oh-lh- flUgk] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyosQ'kUl] vkxjkA
2- Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk fodkl ,oa vk;kstuμ ,-,u- vxzoky] fo'o izdk'ku] fnYyhA
3- Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkkμ :nz nÙk osQ-ih-,e- lqUnje] ,l-pUn ,.M dEiuh fy-] fnYyhA

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