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Unit 16: Promoting Need based Educational Programmes

16.1.1 Education of the Scheduled Castes Notes
Population of Scheduled Castes. In 200l, the population of Scheduled Castes was 179.7 million, which
accounted for 17.5 per cent of the total population (projected on the basis of the trend of their
decadal growth rates).
Almost half of the total population of SC is concentrated in the state of Bihar, Haryana, Madhya
Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan and U.P.—popularly known as Hindi belt in the North.
In the South, SCs are concentrated mainly in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. In the East, they are
in Bengal and in the West in Maharashtra.
16.1.2 Education of the Scheduled Tribes
Origin of the Term Scheduled Tribes (ST). As distinct from the so-called mainstream population, the
British used this term with respect to groups living in forests and hills, etc. It was also used with the
prefix like indigenous people, etc. The term Scheduled Tribes denoted that people belonging to
these groups did not have much contact with the main culture.
Traditionally Considered Characteristics of the Tribal People
1. The tribal people live in the rather inaccessible parts of the country.
2. The tribal people live away from the civilised world.
3. They belong to these races—Australoid or Mongoloids or Negrito.
4. They speak tribal dialect.
5. They believe in ghosts and spirits and worship them.
6. They profess primitive religion known as ‘Animism’.
7. Their chief occupations are gathering forest products, hunting, etc.
8. They are, by and large, meat eaters.

Total Tribal Population
The population of tribal people in 2001 was estimated to have reached 88.8 million on the basis of
the projected figures. This represented 8.6 per cent of country’s total population.
Population Profile of the Tribal People
1. The largest concentration of ST population is found in the north-eastern states : Mizoram (94.8
per cent); Nagaland (87.7 per cent); Meghalaya (85.5 per cent); and Arunachal Pradesh; (63.7
per cent).
2. Union Territories : Lakshadweep (93.2 per cent); Dadra and Nagar Haveli (79 per cent); Andaman
and Nicobar Islands (5.5 per cent).
3. Madhya Pradesh (23.3 per cent); Orissa (22.2 per cent); Rajasthan (12.4 per cent); Maharashtra
(9.3 per cent); Bihar (7.7 per cent); and Madhya Pradesh (6.3 per cent).
4. Almost nil in Haryana, Punjab, Chandigarh, Delhi and Pondicherry.

16.1.3 Meaning and Definition of Adult Education
According to Liveright and Haygood (1969), “Adult education is the process whereby persons who
no longer (or did not) attend school on a regular and full time basis undertake sequential and
organised activities within or conscious intention of bringing about changes in information,
knowledge understanding or skills, appreciation and attitudes or for the purpose of identifying and
solving personal or community problems.”
The International Commission on the Development of Education (1972) in their report ‘Learning To
BC’ (1972) defined adult education as, “The normal culmination of the education process is adult
education.”

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