Page 375 - DEDU504_EDUCATIONAL_MEASUREMENT_AND_EVALUATION_ENGLISH

Unit 32 : Measurement of Attitude, Aptitude, Personality and Intelligence

psychological continuum is decided at first. Having ordered psychological continuum Notes
in 11 point, 9 point or 7 point in various degrees, the scaled values of the statements are
found out with the help of cumulative ratios.

After this, attitude scale is prepared using the process of the Equal Appearing Method.
This attitude scale is used for measuring attitude. The method of its administration and
scoring is similar to that of the Equal Appearing Method.
(v) Guttman’s Scalogram Method : This method is quite different from other methods. In
the attitude scale prepared by this method, the statements concerned with the general
subject are in pairs. The more are the marks in form of attitude, the more favourable will
be the responses of a person in comparison to others. In fact, this method is not a method
to prepare an attitude scale, but is a method to evaluate an attitude scale.
In this method, the subject field of attitude is selected. The statements are constructed
on the selected subject. The statements are selected by item analysis or by other statistical
methods. According to Guttman, if the number of statements is large, the statements
can also be selected by experience or insight. The responses on the statements are obtained
in two degrees—agree and disagree. Guttman has instructed to award 1 mark for ‘agree’
and 0 marks for ‘disagree’. On a psychological object, 1 mark is given for more or
favourable attitude and 0 for less or unfavourable attitude. The obtained scores on the
attitude scale statements determine the attitude. The total sum of obtained scores on the
scale statements indicates the attitude of a person.
(vi) Scale Discrimination Technique : This method was developed by Edward and Kilpatric.
In it, the merits of all methods have been included. The following steps are followed in
the preparation of attitude scale in this method :
(1) The statements, pertaining to a psychological object towards which attitude has to
be measured, are prepared or gathered in a large number and are administered.
(2) Then the scaled values and Q-values of the statements are found out sing Equal
Appearing Interval method. About 50% statements with Q-value more than quartile
deviating are cancelled and rest of the 50% statements are retained for further
analysis.
(3) After this, the 50% selected statements are presented according to the Lickert’s
Method. The statements are divided into six degrees instead of five—Strongly agree,
Agree, Mildly agree, Mildly disagree, Disagree and Strongly disagree. Its marking
technique is determined as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 as according to Lickert’s Method. The
obtained scale in the form of all statements is administered on a large group and
discriminating power on each statement is obtained using Item Analysis method.
Edward and Kilpatric have used Phi-coefficient for finding out discriminating power.
To find out phi-coefficient, 27% persons from each of top and bottom are selected.
The following formula is used to find out Phi-coefficient:

ϕ =

Here for calculation of a, b, c and d, the persons of the top group obtaining 0, 1, 2
marks on each statement are considered to be high class. In the same way, the number
of persons obtaining 0, 1, 2 marks on each statement are considered low and those
obtaining 3, 4, 5 marks are considered high. Thus, obtained number of four classes
is the value of a, b, c and d. The following table makes it all the more clear :
32.1.5 Administration and Scoring of Attitude Tests
The administration of all attitude tests is almost similar but their scoring is done differently. We are
presenting the administration and scoring of a test.

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